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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) serves as a key, non-invasive tool for assessing morphological characteristics, cell density, hemodynamics, and vascular proliferation. By combining MRI with radiomics, habitat imaging, and artificial intelligence, imaging features are analyzed to characterize tumor morphology and biological behavior. This review discusses MRI as an imaging biomarker for evaluating breast cancer molecular subtypes and supporting personalized treatment and improved outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-role-of-magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-in-breast-cancer-molecular-subtypes/357730/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-role-of-magnetic-resonance-imaging-mri-in-breast-cancer-molecular-subtypes/357730.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"awa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is breast cancer heterogeneity important?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Breast cancer heterogeneity affects treatment decisions and prognosis prediction. It reflects variations in tumor appearance, symptoms, and clinical outcomes among patients and within individual tumors.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does MRI contribute to evaluating breast cancer molecular subtypes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"MRI provides anatomical details and can reveal the tumor microenvironment, including angiogenesis, cellular density, and perfusion patterns. It supports distinguishing lesions and assessing molecular subtypes as an imaging biomarker.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What roles do radiomics, habitat imaging, and AI play alongside MRI?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Radiomics links tumor physical state with quantitative imaging features. Habitat imaging identifies tumor subregions with distinct imaging characteristics, reflecting intra-tumor heterogeneity. AI-based methods capture complex imaging patterns and improve prediction of molecular subtypes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},357730,1790469111,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747858093,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","© Pol J Radiol 2026; 91: e288-e298 DOI: [https://doi.org/10.5114/pjr/216424](https://doi.org/10.5114/pjr/216424)  \n[Received: 22.03.2025](Received: 22.03.2025)  \n[Accepted: 06.01.2026](Accepted: 06.01.2026)  \n[Published: 20.06.2026](Published: 20.06.2026)  \n[http://www.polradiol.com](http://www.polradiol.com)  \nReview paper  \nThe role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in breast cancer molecular subtypes  \nRun XuA,E, Zeyang MiaoE, Xiaoyong ZuoA, Li LuA, Peng LuoA, Guanwu LiA  \nYueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China  \nAbstract  \nBreast cancer heterogeneity is crucial for treatment decision-making and prognosis prediction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a key tool in breast imaging, providing a non-invasive assessment of morphological characteristics, cell density, hemodynamics, and vascular proliferation. Integrating MRI with advanced techniques such as radiomics, habitat imaging, and artificial intelligence enables a deeper understanding of tumor morphology and biological behavior through analysis of imaging features, thereby characterizing the heterogeneity inherent in breast cancer. This review explores MRI’s role as an imaging biomarker for evaluating breast cancer molecular subtypes, aiming to support personalized treatment strategies and improve therapeutic outcomes.  \nKeywords: breast cancer, heterogeneity, molecular subtype, magnetic resonance imaging, habitat imaging, radiomics.  \nIntroduction  \nBreast cancer shows significant heterogeneity, driven by various genetic alterations in breast epithelial cells, leading to diverse disease manifestations in individual patients [1]. These differences are vital for choosing effective treatmentsand improving patient outcomes. Early detection and careful treatment selection are crucial for improving patient survival and quality of life.  \nMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) not only provides anatomical details but also reveals the tumor microenvironment, including angiogenesis, cellular density, and perfusion patterns [2,3] . Advances in MRI technology have significantly improved its accuracy and expanded its applications in medical diagnosis and research. It is crucial for distinguishing between benign and malignant breast lesions and evaluating molecular subtypes. Radiomics is a non-invasive technique that links tumor physical state with radiological features by extracting  \nquantitative tumor characteristics [4-7]. Habitat imaging further identifies unique tumor subregions with distinct imaging characteristics, each representing a microenvironment with shared genetic and phenotypic traits, thereby reflecting the intra-tumor heterogeneity [8-10] . In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods have shown superior capability in capturing complex imaging patterns and predicting molecular subtypes with improved diagnostic performance.  \nA comprehensive understanding of breast cancer’s intrinsic molecular subtypes is fundamental to addressing its heterogeneity. Evaluating these subtypes is not only of academic interest but also essential for guiding personalized treatment strategies and predicting disease progression. This review explores the potential of MRI asan imaging biomarker in distinguishing benign from malignant breast tumors and assessing molecular subtypes, aiming to facilitate individualized treatment approaches and improve clinical outcomes.  \nCorrespondence address:  \nGuanwu Li, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 110 Ganhe Road,  \nHongkou District, Shanghai 200437, China, [e-mail: guanwu.li@shutcm.edu.cn](e-mail: guanwu.li@shutcm.edu.cn)  \nAuthors’ contribution:  \nA Study design ∙ B Data collection ∙ C Statistical analysis ∙ D Data interpretation ∙ E Manuscript preparation ∙ F Literature search ∙ G Funds collection  \ne288  \nThis is an Open Access journal, al","cbCain7cGYY0gbTi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCain7cGYY0gbTi","pdf",151881,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Breast cancer heterogeneity and molecular subtypes\n## MRI for tumor characterization\n## Radiomics and habitat imaging\n## Artificial intelligence for molecular subtype prediction\n# Breast cancer heterogeneity\n## Inter-tumor heterogeneity\n## Intra-tumor heterogeneity\n## Factors shaping heterogeneity\n## Clinical relevance and personalized assessment","[{\"question\":\"Why is breast cancer heterogeneity important?\",\"answer\":\"Breast cancer heterogeneity affects treatment decisions and prognosis prediction. It reflects variations in tumor appearance, symptoms, and clinical outcomes among patients and within individual tumors.\"},{\"question\":\"How does MRI contribute to evaluating breast cancer molecular subtypes?\",\"answer\":\"MRI provides anatomical details and can reveal the tumor microenvironment, including angiogenesis, cellular density, and perfusion patterns. It supports distinguishing lesions and assessing molecular subtypes as an imaging biomarker.\"},{\"question\":\"What roles do radiomics, habitat imaging, and AI play alongside MRI?\",\"answer\":\"Radiomics links tumor physical state with quantitative imaging features. Habitat imaging identifies tumor subregions with distinct imaging characteristics, reflecting intra-tumor heterogeneity. AI-based methods capture complex imaging patterns and improve prediction of molecular subtypes.\"}]","The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in breast cancer molecular subtypes | PDF",1790131572,28]