[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-461346-105":59,"doc-detail-461346-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-role-of-interleukins-in-pediatric-traumatic-brain-injury-narrative-synthesis","The Role of Interleukins in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury - Narrative Synthesis","","Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality, with annual incidence reported as 47–280 per 100,000 children. After head trauma, neuroinflammation disrupts the blood–brain barrier, triggers leukocyte infiltration, and promotes cerebral edema. Interleukins (ILs) are key immune mediators in this cascade: IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 have been mainly studied, with IL-10 and IL-17 contributing as well. The review examines cytokine roles in pediatric TBI pathophysiology, their links to injury severity, and clinical prognosis.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-role-of-interleukins-in-pediatric-traumatic-brain-injury-narrative-synthesis/461346/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-role-of-interleukins-in-pediatric-traumatic-brain-injury-narrative-synthesis/461346.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kurz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which interleukins are mainly studied in pediatric traumatic brain injury?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 are mainly investigated, while IL-10 and IL-17 are also described as playing roles in the neuroinflammatory cascade.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does IL-1β relate to pediatric TBI severity and outcomes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"IL-1β is described as a key pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in glutamate excitotoxicity post-TBI, with high cerebrospinal fluid levels correlated with injury severity and poor outcomes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why are interleukins considered useful for clinical prognosis in children with TBI?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review links specific interleukins to predicting outcome and post-TBI conditions, which can improve diagnostic ability and support timely treatment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461346,1790794293,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336478945635,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Review  \nThe Role of Interleukins in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Synthesis  \nChristodoulos Komiotis 1, Ioannis Mavridis 1,2, Efstratios-Stylianos Pyrgelis 2, Eleni Agapiou 2, Maria Meliou 2, * and Theodossios Birbilis 1,2  \nAcademic Editor: Juan Sahuquillo  \nReceived: 24 October 2025  \nRevised: 19 December 2025  \nAccepted: 24 December 2025  \nPublished: 26 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece  \n2 Department of Neurosurgery, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis,  \n681 00 Alexandroupolis, Greece  \n* [Correspondence: maria.meliou@gmail.com](Correspondence: maria.meliou@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common and important cause of morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients, affecting 47–280 per 100,000 children every year. Head trauma can affect the brain not only by the injury itself but also via a neuroinflammatory process, which leads to blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, leukocyte infiltration, and edema formation. This process is regulated by several immune mediators, including interleukins (ILs), which are molecules that are currently investigated in both adult and pediatric TBI. In pediatric patients, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 have mainly been investigated, while IL-10 and IL-17 also play a role in the neuroinflammatory cascade. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to examine the role of the aforementioned cytokines in the pathophysiology of pediatric TBI, as well as their role in determining clinical outcome and prognosis. IL-1β is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine in glutamate excitotoxicity post-TBI and in upregulating the expression of additional pro-inflammatory cytokines. Its high levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are correlated with injury severity and poor outcomes. IL-6 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and its concentration rises rapidly after the injury. Current data show that it can be useful in predicting severe TBI (sTBI) in addition to clinical parameters. IL-8 is a cytokine with several pro-and anti-inflammatory properties. On the one hand, it is a potent chemotactic agent, attracting inflammatory cells to the injured area, and it plays a role in BBB disruption. On the other hand, it promotes the survival of cholinergic and hippocampal neurons via the secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) . These cytokines are important in predicting the outcome of pediatric patients with TBI, as well as in predicting several post-TBI conditions such as fatigue and epilepsy, thus improving diagnostic ability and timely treatment. Further research, unraveling the complex mechanisms via which post-TBI neuroinflammation occurs, will lead to targeted therapies and better outcomes overall.  \nKeywords: pediatric traumatic brain injury; interleukins; cytokines; neuroinflammation  \n1. Introduction  \nTraumatic brain injury (TBI) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients worldwide, affecting 45 per 100,000 children every year [1], and can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe, based mainly on clinical criteria, including loss of consciousness, alteration of mental state, post-traumatic amnesia, and Glasgow Coma Scale score [2] . Today, additional criteria such as imaging and pathoanatomical measures also affect classification [3] . TBI arises due to mechanical force that leads to  \na temporary or permanent impairment of brain function (with an altered state of consciousness, physical, psychological, and cognitive dysfunction) and causes brain damage in a primary and a secondary way. In the primary way, damage is caused by the injury itself, while in the secondary way, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is disrupted, and this causes leukocyte infiltration, cerebral edema,","cbCairYoYreoSLOi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairYoYreoSLOi","pdf",716844,14,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Which interleukins are mainly studied in pediatric traumatic brain injury?\",\"answer\":\"IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 are mainly investigated, while IL-10 and IL-17 are also described as playing roles in the neuroinflammatory cascade.\"},{\"question\":\"How does IL-1β relate to pediatric TBI severity and outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"IL-1β is described as a key pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in glutamate excitotoxicity post-TBI, with high cerebrospinal fluid levels correlated with injury severity and poor outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are interleukins considered useful for clinical prognosis in children with TBI?\",\"answer\":\"The review links specific interleukins to predicting outcome and post-TBI conditions, which can improve diagnostic ability and support timely treatment.\"}]","The Role of Interleukins in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury - Narrative Synthesis | PDF",1790761395,35]