[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-384569-105":59,"doc-detail-384569-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","the-role-of-glutamine-metabolism-in-castration-resistant-prostate-cancer-invited-review","The role of glutamine metabolism in castration-resistant prostate cancer - Invited review","","Metabolic reprogramming drives prostate cancer progression and therapy resistance, with advanced prostate cancer showing distinctive nutrient and macromolecule synthesis needs. Glutamine emerges as a central node linking amino-acid metabolism to biomass and other macromolecule production. By maximally inhibiting glutamine utilization in tumor cells, targeting the glutamine metabolic network may expand treatment options. This invited review summarizes the metabolic landscape and recent findings connecting glutamine metabolism alterations to therapeutic resistance and disease progression, proposing novel strategies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-role-of-glutamine-metabolism-in-castration-resistant-prostate-cancer-invited-review/384569/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-role-of-glutamine-metabolism-in-castration-resistant-prostate-cancer-invited-review/384569.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) difficult to treat?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Hormonal therapy delays progression but most patients eventually develop therapy resistance and progress to CRPC. Even with second-generation anti-androgen drugs, the response duration is limited.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does glutamine metabolism relate to CRPC progression?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Glutamine supports metabolic reprogramming by contributing not only to amino acid metabolism but also to synthesis of other macromolecules and biomass. Alterations in glutamine metabolic networks provide a metabolic basis for therapeutic resistance and disease progression.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What histological changes are associated with neuroendocrine prostate cancer in CRPC?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Around 15%–20% of CRPC cases lose AR dependence and acquire neuroendocrine features, forming small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC/NEPC/CRPC-NE). This stage is incurable and rapidly lethal.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},384569,1790509347,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095360427,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","Asian Journal of Andrology (2023) 25, 192–197 [www.asiaandro.com](www.asiaandro.com); [www.ajandrology.com](www.ajandrology.com)  \nOpen Access  \nProstate Cancer  \nINVITED REVIEW  \nThe role of glutamine metabolism in castration-resistant prostate cancer  \nBing Zhao1, Jing Wang2, Li Chen1, Hong Wang3, Chao-Zhao Liang4,5,6, Jiaoti Huang7,8, Ling-Fan Xu4,5,6  \nReprogramming of metabolism is a hallmark of tumors, which has been explored for therapeutic purposes. Prostate cancer (PCa), particularly advanced and therapy-resistant PCa, displays unique metabolic properties. Targeting metabolic vulnerabilities in PCamay benefit patients who have exhausted currently available treatment options and improve clinical outcomes. Among the many nutrients, glutamine has been shown to play a central role in the metabolic reprogramming of advanced PCa. In addition to amino acid metabolism, glutamine is also widely involved in the synthesis of other macromolecules and biomasses. Targeting glutamine metabolic network by maximally inhibiting glutamine utilization in tumor cells may significantly add to treatment options for many patients. This review summarizes the metabolic landscape of PCa, with a particular focus on recent studies of how glutamine metabolism alterations affect therapeutic resistance and disease progression of PCa, and suggests novel therapeutic strategies.  \nAsian Journal of Andrology (2023) 25 , 192–197; doi: 10.4103/aja2022105; published online: 10 January 2023 Keywords: castration resistance; glutamine metabolism; prostate cancer; tumor metabolism  \nINTRODUCTION  \nProstate cancer (PCa) is highly prevalent and a leading cause of cancer death in men. Globally, 1.4 million men were diagnosed with PCa and 375 304 deaths were reported in 2020.1 Many factors, such as age, ethnicity, family history, and genetic factors, influence the incidence rates of PCa.2,3  \nEarly-stage, low-grade PCa that has not spread beyond the prostate can be safely managed by active surveillance or cured by surgery or radiation therapy. For PCa that is recurrent, advanced, and metastatic, hormonal therapy to inhibit androgen production or block the function of androgen receptor (AR) becomes the treatment of choice.4,5 Although hormonal therapy significantly delays disease progression, all patients will eventually develop therapy resistance and progress into a disease stage known as castration-resistant PCa (CRPC).6 The second generation of anti-androgen drugs that more specifically and potently inhibit AR signaling can be used to treat CRPC, but the duration of response is limited. To revolutionize the treatment landscape, we need to understand the molecular basis of the disease progression and explore therapeutic strategies beyond AR inhibition.  \nThe vast majority of primary prostate tumors are histologically classified as adenocarcinoma consisting of bulk luminal cells and a minor component of neuroendocrine (NE) cells.7-10 Luminal cells express luminal differentiation markers such as AR and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and are sensitive to hormonal therapy, while NE cells predominantly express NE markers (e.g., chromogranin A [CgA] and neuron-specific enolase [NSE]), making them resistant to hormonal  \ntherapy. Most CRPC cases still histologically remain adenocarcinoma (CRPC-adeno) . Notably, around 15%–20% of CRPC cases lose AR signaling dependence and acquire NE features, and are histologically classified as small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC, also known as neuroendocrine PCa [NEPC], or CRPC-NE),11 which is incurable and rapidly lethal. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the emergence of NEPC: (1) clonal expansion of the AR-independent NE tumor cells in primary PCa in the androgen-deprived environment and (2) transformation of tumor cells from luminal identity to NE phenotype to escape hormonal therapy through a process known as lineage plasticity.12,13 Although great progress has been made in treating PCa, particularly through AR target","cbCaijsnIhOIn9qX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijsnIhOIn9qX","pdf",821263,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## Treatment transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer\n## Histological heterogeneity and neuroendocrine differentiation\n## Metabolic reprogramming and rationale for glutamine targeting\n# Keywords and publication information","[{\"question\":\"Why is castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) difficult to treat?\",\"answer\":\"Hormonal therapy delays progression but most patients eventually develop therapy resistance and progress to CRPC. Even with second-generation anti-androgen drugs, the response duration is limited.\"},{\"question\":\"How does glutamine metabolism relate to CRPC progression?\",\"answer\":\"Glutamine supports metabolic reprogramming by contributing not only to amino acid metabolism but also to synthesis of other macromolecules and biomass. Alterations in glutamine metabolic networks provide a metabolic basis for therapeutic resistance and disease progression.\"},{\"question\":\"What histological changes are associated with neuroendocrine prostate cancer in CRPC?\",\"answer\":\"Around 15%–20% of CRPC cases lose AR dependence and acquire neuroendocrine features, forming small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNC/NEPC/CRPC-NE). This stage is incurable and rapidly lethal.\"}]","The role of glutamine metabolism in castration-resistant prostate cancer - Invited review | PDF",1790264085,15]