[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-307836-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-307836-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","the-role-of-driver-education-in-the-licensing-process-in-quebec","The Role of Driver Education in the Licensing Process in Quebec","","The paper examines why driver education (DE) graduates in many jurisdictions receive time-discount licensing despite limited evidence of safety benefits and consistent evidence of increased crash risk. It proposes the “licensing process”(LP) framework to identify confounding factors affecting DE evaluations and analyzes prospective cohort data from 1,804 Quebec novice drivers aged 16–19 using linked questionnaire and government records. Results show DE attendance is linked to younger age, family financial support, and fewer supervised practice hours, while more supervised practice predicts higher crash risk and motivations to save time or money relate to higher violations and crashes.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-role-of-driver-education-in-the-licensing-process-in-quebec/307836/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-role-of-driver-education-in-the-licensing-process-in-quebec/307836.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"\tJames","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-09-19",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why does the paper argue that DE evaluations may be confounded?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It notes that differences in individual or family factors may be unmeasured in many evaluations, threatening validity. The proposed LP framework is used to identify how such factors interact with DE to shape outcomes.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What data sources are linked in the study?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The study links an extensive questionnaire on learning methods, risk-taking, and lifestyles completed at licensing with government records on permit exam performance and violation and crash rates during the first 450 days of unsupervised driving.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What associations are found between DE attendance and safety outcomes?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Violation and crash records are not associated with DE attendance. However, DE attendance correlates with younger age, greater family financial support, and fewer supervised driving hours with a learner’s permit, while motivations related to saving time or money associate with higher violations and crash rates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},307836,1789978413,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":55,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336474466412,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Traffic Injury Prevention, 7:130–142, 2006 Copyright  2006 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1538-9588 print / 1538-957X online  \nDOI: 10.1080/15389580500517644  \nThe Role of Driver Education in the Licensing Process in Quebec  \nPIERRO HIRSCH, URS MAAG, and CLAIRE LABERGE-NADEAU  \nUniversit de Montral, Montral, Qubec, Canada  \nProblem. In many jurisdictions, driver education (DE) graduates, compared to non-graduates, are granted a time-discount  \nthat allows them to drive unsupervised several months earlier, despite little evidence of a safety benefit and consistent evidence of increased crash risk. Confounding factors may be threatening the validity of DE evaluations. A theoretical framework called the “licensing process”(LP) is proposed to identify and explore potential confounding factors in DE evaluations.  \nMethod. Prospective study data on a cohort of 1804 novice drivers 16 to 19 years of age of both sexes are analyzed in relation to the LP framework. These data derive from two sources that were linked together: an extensive questionnaire on learning methods, risk-taking, and lifestyles, and government records on exam performance, violations, and crashes.  \nResults. Violation and crash records are not associated with DE attendance. DE attendance is associated with younger ages, greater financial support from family, and fewer hours of supervised driving practice with a learner’s permit. For  \nboth sexes, more hours of supervised driving practice with a learner’s permit is associated with increased crash risk. Most participants, particularly males under 19 years of age, attended DE partly or entirely to save time or money; these motivations are associated with higher violation and crash rates.  \nDiscussion. DE evaluations need to identify and control for potential confounding factors. Research is needed to un  \nderstand the associations between increased crash risk and potential confounding factors like motivation to attend DE and hours of supervised driving practice.  \nKeywords Adolescent Drivers; Driver Education; Crash Risk; Motivation; Experience; GDL  \nThe leading cause of adolescent death in high-income countries is road injury (World Health Organization, 1999) . Driver education (DE) is a popular and controversial countermeasure. Authorities in 37 of the 62 North American licensing jurisdictions grant time-discounts to adolescents who attend DE, allowing them to license between three months and two years earlier than adolescents who do not attend DE (Mayhew, Simpson, & Singhal, 2005) . The DE time-discount incentive is controversial because there is little or no evidence that DE improves adolescent driver safety (Achara, et al., 2001; Evans, 1991; Mayhew et al., 1998; Potvin, Champagne, & Laberge-Nadeau, 1988), and there is consistent evidence that adolescent crashes increase when DE courses speedup licensing (Ulmer, Preusser, Ferguson,& Williams, 1999) . Compared with novice drivers who did not use the DE time-discount in the following Canadian provinces, novice drivers who used the time-discount had 45 percent more crashes in Ontario (Boase & Tasca, 1998), 27 percent more crashes in Nova Scotia (Mayhew et al., 2003), and 45 percent more crashes in British Columbia (Wiggins, 2004) . Wiggins  \nReceived 22 September 2005; accepted 11 December 2005 .  \nAddress correspondence to Pierro Hirsch, E-mail: pierro.hirsch@ [UMontreal.ca](UMontreal.ca)  \n(2004) concluded,“The consistency of the results across jurisdictions suggests that something more than the form and the content of driver education may be at work.”  \nEvaluations of DE that show no effect or increased crash risk might be confounded by unmeasured factors; e.g., individual or family differences—lack of control for confounding factors is the most serious threat to the validity of road safety evaluations (Elvik, 2003) . Therefore, in this article a conceptual framework is proposed for understanding how potential confounding factors interact with DE to produce diffe","cbCaifgcfz6B1TAl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifgcfz6B1TAl","pdf",172201,"English","# Licensing process framework (LP)\n## Research methods and data sources\n## Results: violations and crashes\n## Discussion: confounding factors and implications","[{\"question\":\"Why does the paper argue that DE evaluations may be confounded?\",\"answer\":\"It notes that differences in individual or family factors may be unmeasured in many evaluations, threatening validity. The proposed LP framework is used to identify how such factors interact with DE to shape outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What data sources are linked in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study links an extensive questionnaire on learning methods, risk-taking, and lifestyles completed at licensing with government records on permit exam performance and violation and crash rates during the first 450 days of unsupervised driving.\"},{\"question\":\"What associations are found between DE attendance and safety outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Violation and crash records are not associated with DE attendance. However, DE attendance correlates with younger age, greater family financial support, and fewer supervised driving hours with a learner’s permit, while motivations related to saving time or money associate with higher violations and crash rates.\"}]","The Role of Driver Education in the Licensing Process in Quebec | PDF",1789856065,35]