[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-385541-105":59,"doc-detail-385541-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","the-role-of-cytoskeleton-protein-41-in-immunotherapy","The Role of Cytoskeleton Protein 4.1 in Immunotherapy","","Cytoskeleton protein 4.1 is an essential skeletal membrane protein first found in red blood cells and classified into four types: 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G, and 4.1B. Research indicates it contributes to cancer biology as a tumor suppressor and serves as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. With immunotherapy and the tumor microenvironment as key treatment targets, emerging evidence highlights the protein’s immunoregulatory potential, supporting novel ideas for future cancer diagnosis and therapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-role-of-cytoskeleton-protein-41-in-immunotherapy/385541/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-role-of-cytoskeleton-protein-41-in-immunotherapy/385541.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What is cytoskeleton protein 4.1 and how is it classified?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Cytoskeleton protein 4.1 is an essential skeletal membrane protein. It is classified into four types: 4.1R (red blood cell), 4.1N (neuronal), 4.1G (general), and 4.1B (brain).","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How does cytoskeleton protein 4.1 relate to cancer?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"It can act as a tumor suppressor and regulate cancer progression by inhibiting tumor growth and survival. It may also influence signaling pathways related to malignancy.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"Why is the tumor microenvironment important for immunotherapy in this review?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The review emphasizes that tumor microenvironment homeostasis strongly affects immunotherapy efficacy. 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The Role of Cytoskeleton Protein 4.1 in Immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3777. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms24043777  \nAcademic Editor: Donald  \nJ. Buchsbaum  \nReceived: 5 December 2022  \nRevised: 18 January 2023  \nAccepted: 3 February 2023  \nPublished: 14 February 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nSchool of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China  \n* Correspondence: [tingwang@zzu.edu.cn](tingwang@zzu.edu.cn) (T.W.); [qzkang@zzu.edu.cn](qzkang@zzu.edu.cn) (Q.K.)  \nAbstract: Cytoskeleton protein 4.1 is an essential class of skeletal membrane protein, initially found in red blood cells, and can be classified into four types: 4.1R (red blood cell type), 4.1N (neuronal type), 4.1G (general type), and 4.1B (brain type) . As research progressed, it was discovered that cytoskeleton protein 4.1 plays a vital role in cancer as a tumor suppressor. Many studies have also demonstrated that cytoskeleton protein 4.1 acts as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for tumors. Moreover, with the rise of immunotherapy, the tumor microenvironment as a treatment target in cancer has attracted great interest. Increasing evidence has shown the immunoregulatory potential of cytoskeleton protein 4.1 in the tumor microenvironment and treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of cytoskeleton protein 4.1 within the tumor microenvironment in immunoregulation and cancer development, with the intention of providing a new approach and new ideas for future cancer diagnosis and treatment.  \nKeywords: cytoskeleton protein 4.1; tumor suppressor; immunotherapy; tumor microenvironment; cancer  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer has always been a great challenge for humans, and researchers are constantly innovating and improving treatment technologies [1] . Immunotherapy produces significantly fewer side effects than the very common chemoradiotherapy, and it has been shown to be effective in some patients [2] . Complete or long-acting responses are higher with immunotherapy compared to conventional therapies, but there is still room for improvement, as there are still many patients who are or have become primary resistant to immunotherapy [3] . Immunotherapy, which involves activating the body's immune system to kill cancer cells, has shown tremendous anti-tumor activity in various cancers, including melanoma, kidney, lung, and prostate cancer [4] . The success of immunotherapy has benefited many patients, but there is still a subset of patients who are insensitive to immunotherapy, in part due to suppressive responses within the tumor microenvironment [5] . With an increasing understanding of immunotherapy, we have come to realize that the tumor microenvironment's homeostasis is crucial to immunotherapy's efficacy. Undoubtedly, a deeper understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in immunotherapy is essential to improve efficacy.  \nIn studying the tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy, we noticed cytoskeleton protein 4.1, which has four types: 4.1R, 4.1N, 4.1G, and 4.1B [6] . They act in a synergistic way in tumor cells or immune cells by affecting cell structure, motility, and most other processes necessary for the survival and development of normal and cancer cells. Cytoskeleton protein 4.1 can often regulate the progression of cancer by inhibiting the growth and survival of tumor cells during the malignant transformation of cells [7] . Tumor cells can utili","cbCaiqYMSzjfNCPP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqYMSzjfNCPP","pdf",2501641,13,"English","# Introduction\n# Immunoregulation and Tumor Microenvironment","[{\"question\":\"What is cytoskeleton protein 4.1 and how is it classified?\",\"answer\":\"Cytoskeleton protein 4.1 is an essential skeletal membrane protein. It is classified into four types: 4.1R (red blood cell), 4.1N (neuronal), 4.1G (general), and 4.1B (brain).\"},{\"question\":\"How does cytoskeleton protein 4.1 relate to cancer?\",\"answer\":\"It can act as a tumor suppressor and regulate cancer progression by inhibiting tumor growth and survival. It may also influence signaling pathways related to malignancy.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is the tumor microenvironment important for immunotherapy in this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes that tumor microenvironment homeostasis strongly affects immunotherapy efficacy. It also notes immune-suppressive responses within the microenvironment can contribute to resistance, and cytoskeleton protein 4.1 may have immunoregulatory potential there.\"}]","The Role of Cytoskeleton Protein 4.1 in Immunotherapy | PDF",33]