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This review summarizes mechanisms driving resistance, such as reduced drug uptake, altered targets, cell-cycle checkpoint changes, apoptosis inhibition, and enhanced DNA damage repair. It also explores how deregulated miRNA expression and their signaling pathways modulate proliferation, cell-cycle control, and apoptosis across cancers, supporting future clinical translation.",{"@graph":14,"@context":77},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-role-and-mechanisms-of-action-of-micrornas-in-cancer-drug-resistance-review-article/148875/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-role-and-mechanisms-of-action-of-micrornas-in-cancer-drug-resistance-review-article/148875.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Skyler","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-08-26",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69,73],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is chemotherapy drug resistance a critical obstacle in cancer treatment?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Drug resistance often causes treatment failure, and statistical data indicate that over 90% of cancer-related deaths are associated with chemotherapeutic drug resistance.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What mechanisms contribute to cancer chemotherapy drug resistance?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Resistance can involve decreased antitumor drug uptake, modified drug targets, altered cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis inhibition, and increased DNA damage repair, among other mechanisms.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How do miRNAs participate in drug resistance in tumor cells?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"MiRNAs are involved by targeting drug-resistance-related genes and by influencing genes regulating proliferation, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Regulatory effects can be tissue-specific.",{"name":74,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What major steps are involved in miRNA biogenesis?",{"text":76,"@type":64},"The process includes nuclear transcription of pri-miRNA, Drosha/DGCR8-mediated processing to pre-miRNA, export via Exp5/Ran-GTP, cytoplasmic Dicer/TRBP/PACT processing into a duplex, and subsequent maturation stages (summarized in the review’s workflow).","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":79,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":81,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":83,"site_id":7},148875,1787787029,{"code":4,"msg":86,"data":87},"success",[88,92,96,100,105,110,115,119,124,127,131],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},8,30,"research-report",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":126},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":128,"slug":130},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":134},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":86,"data":136},{"doc_id":83,"user_id":137,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":138,"doc_module":4,"category_id":116,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":139,"file_id":140,"file_url":141,"file_type":142,"file_size":143,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":144,"language":145,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":146,"faqs":147,"seo_title":148,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":84,"read_time":103,"preview_page_count":4},2336464648746,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Si et al. Clinical Epigenetics (2019) 11:25 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-018-0587-8](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-018-0587-8)  \nREVIEW Open Access   \nThe role and mechanisms of action of microRNAs in cancer drug resistance  \nWengong Si 1,2,3, Jiaying Shen4, Huilin Zheng 1,5 and Weimin Fan 1,6*  \nAbstract  \nMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with a length of about 19–25 nt, which can regulate various target genes and are thus involved in the regulation of a variety of biological and pathological processes, including the formation and development of cancer. Drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy is one of the main obstacles to curing this malignant disease. Statistical data indicate that over 90% of the mortality of patients with cancer is related to drug resistance. Drug resistance of cancer chemotherapy can be caused by many mechanisms, such as decreased antitumor drug uptake, modified drug targets, altered cell cycle checkpoints, or increased DNA damage repair, among others. In recent years, many studies have shown that miRNAs are involved in the drug resistance of tumor cells by targeting drug-resistance-related genes or influencing genes related to cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. A single miRNA often targets a number of genes, and its regulatory effect is tissue-specific. In this review, we emphasize the miRNAs that are involved in the regulation of drug resistance among different cancersand probe the mechanisms of the deregulated expression of miRNAs. The molecular targets of miRNAs and their underlying signaling pathways are also explored comprehensively. A holistic understanding of the functions of miRNAs in drug resistance will help us develop better strategies to regulate them efficiently and will finally pave the way toward better translation of miRNAs into clinics, developing them into a promising approach in cancer therapy.  \nKeywords: MicroRNAs, Drug resistance, Cancer, Dysregulation, Mechanisms, Chemotherapy  \nBackground  \nCancer is a serious threat to human life and health, and in recent years, it has become a leading cause of death in humans. According to statistical reports, new cases of cancer reached 14.1 million worldwide, and the total number of cancer-related deaths reached 8.2 million in 2012. With an increase in life expectancy and deterioration of the global ecosystem, the incidence of cancer is increasing. It is expected that the number of new cases will reach 23.6 million by 2030 [1].  \nCurrently, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are the most common cancer therapies. For cancers such as lymphoma, leukemia, small cell lung cancer, chemotherapy  \n* Correspondence: [fanw@zju.edu.cn](fanw@zju.edu.cn)  \n1Program of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China  \n6Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \nis the first line of treatment. For other solid tumors, chemotherapy can be used as an auxiliary treatment to eliminate postoperative residual nodules to prevent relapse or as pre-local tumor before surgery or radiotherapy. In addition, chemotherapy is also used as palliative care in patients who cannot undergo radical surgery [2]. In recent decades, chemotherapy drugs have made great progress, but the occurrence of tumor drug resistance often leads to treatment failure. For advanced cancer patients, drug-resistance is a major obstacle to successful treatment [3]. According to statistical reports, more than 90% of deaths of tumor patients are associated with chemotherapeutic drug resistance [4, 5]. Overall, drug resistance can be divided into endogenous and acquired drug resistance, and the underlying mechanisms need to be elucidated. At pres","cbCaidOzIyKJqnWo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidOzIyKJqnWo","pdf",1228476,24,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n## Cancer and chemotherapy drug resistance\n## Classification of drug resistance mechanisms\n# MicroRNA biology and regulation\n## miRNA biogenesis steps","[{\"question\":\"Why is chemotherapy drug resistance a critical obstacle in cancer treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Drug resistance often causes treatment failure, and statistical data indicate that over 90% of cancer-related deaths are associated with chemotherapeutic drug resistance.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanisms contribute to cancer chemotherapy drug resistance?\",\"answer\":\"Resistance can involve decreased antitumor drug uptake, modified drug targets, altered cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis inhibition, and increased DNA damage repair, among other mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"How do miRNAs participate in drug resistance in tumor cells?\",\"answer\":\"MiRNAs are involved by targeting drug-resistance-related genes and by influencing genes regulating proliferation, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Regulatory effects can be tissue-specific.\"},{\"question\":\"What major steps are involved in miRNA biogenesis?\",\"answer\":\"The process includes nuclear transcription of pri-miRNA, Drosha/DGCR8-mediated processing to pre-miRNA, export via Exp5/Ran-GTP, cytoplasmic Dicer/TRBP/PACT processing into a duplex, and subsequent maturation stages (summarized in the review’s workflow).\"}]","The role and mechanisms of action of microRNAs in cancer drug resistance - Review article | PDF"]