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Reliable incidence data for thromboembolic events remain limited, and no specific antithrombotic prophylaxis recommendations are established. This review evaluates thromboembolic occurrence and prophylaxis use in NENs using 28 PubMed-identified studies. Results indicate increased thrombotic risk, common atypical VTE sites, and higher risk with hormonally active NENs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-risk-of-venous-thromboembolism-in-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-review/378444/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-risk-of-venous-thromboembolism-in-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-review/378444.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aldword","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What makes venous thromboembolism risk different in neuroendocrine neoplasms?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"NENs differ from other malignancies by their ability to produce hormones and biogenic amines, and the review highlights that especially pancreatic NENs have an increased thrombotic risk.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Is there established guidance for antithrombotic prophylaxis in this patient group?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"No definitive recommendations are available for antithrombotic prophylaxis use in NENs, which is one motivation for the review.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which types of thromboembolic events are highlighted for NEN patients?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review notes that atypical VTE locations are quite common in NENs, and hormonally active NENs are associated with a significantly increased thromboembolic risk.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},378444,1790250224,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},2336478940917,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","cancers   \nReview  \nThe Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms  \nMonika Wâjcik-Giertuga *, Anna Malczewska-Herman and Beata Kos-Kudła  \nCitation: Wójcik-Giertuga, M.; Malczewska-Herman, A.; Kos-Kudła, B. The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers 2023, 15, 5477 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cancers15225477  \nAcademic Editors: Ioannis Mitroulis, Isabelle Mahe and Laurent Bertoletti  \nReceived: 30 September 2023  \nRevised: 15 November 2023  \nAccepted: 18 November 2023  \nPublished: 20 November 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Ceglana 35, 40-514 Katowice, Poland; [anna.malczewska@sum.edu.pl](anna.malczewska@sum.edu.pl) (A.M.-H.); [bkoskudla@sum.edu.pl](bkoskudla@sum.edu.pl) (B.K.-K.)  \n* Correspondence: [d201065@365.sum.edu.pl](d201065@365.sum.edu.pl)  \nSimple Summary: Malignant tumors are known to exhibit an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a heterogeneous group that significantly differs from other malignancies in terms of biology and clinical management. The data on the incidence of thromboembolic events in NENs is limited and no specific recommendations on the use of antithrombotic prophylaxis in this group have been established. Such issues led to this work. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the thromboembolicevents in NENs which represents a prerequisite for improved assessment of the VTE risk in NENsand optimized selection of patients who will benefit most from antithrombotic prophylaxis.  \nAbstract: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) differ from other malignancies in their ability to produce hormones and biogenic amines, as well as offer a better prognosis in well-differentiated tumors. There are no definite data on the occurrence of thromboembolic events in NENs and no recommendations regarding the use of antithrombotic prophylaxis in this group. Accurate assessment of the thromboembolic risk in NENs represents an important issue, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality due to complications of VTE. The aim of this work was to review the occurrence of thromboembolic events in NENs and the use of antithrombotic prophylaxis in this group. A total of 28 studies identified on PubMed were analyzed. NENs, especially of pancreatic primary, exhibit an increased thrombotic risk. Atypical VTE locations are quite common in NENs. Hormonally active NENs are associated with a significantly increased thromboembolic risk. Further studies in NENs are needed to evaluate the parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis as predictive biomarkers for VTE complications.  \nKeywords: venous thromboembolism; cancer-associated thrombosis; thrombosis; neuroendocrine neoplasms; thromboembolic risk  \n1. Introduction  \nVenous thromboembolism (VTE) may present with deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. VTE is the second most common cause of death in cancer patients [1] . For years, cancer had been hypothesized as a significant factor in the development of thrombosis. Even 10–20% of patients with VTE have a history of malignancy [2] . One of the acute complications of VTE is primarily pulmonary embolism. Acute pulmonary embolism is fatal in 2–8% of patients [3] . In the presence of an atrial or ventricular septal defect, peripheral embolism or stroke may also be a complication of lower limb venous thrombosis [3] . Chronic complications of VTE occurring in almost","cbCair6bV9qIu0dG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair6bV9qIu0dG","pdf",1091471,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Venous thromboembolism in cancer and risk context\n# Background and mechanisms\n## Virchow's triad and hemostasis balance\n## Tumor-driven coagulation activation","[{\"question\":\"What makes venous thromboembolism risk different in neuroendocrine neoplasms?\",\"answer\":\"NENs differ from other malignancies by their ability to produce hormones and biogenic amines, and the review highlights that especially pancreatic NENs have an increased thrombotic risk.\"},{\"question\":\"Is there established guidance for antithrombotic prophylaxis in this patient group?\",\"answer\":\"No definitive recommendations are available for antithrombotic prophylaxis use in NENs, which is one motivation for the review.\"},{\"question\":\"Which types of thromboembolic events are highlighted for NEN patients?\",\"answer\":\"The review notes that atypical VTE locations are quite common in NENs, and hormonally active NENs are associated with a significantly increased thromboembolic risk.\"}]","The Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms - Review | PDF",1790230117,35]