[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-156180-105":59,"doc-detail-156180-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-rise-of-algae-promoted-eukaryote-predation-in-the-neoproterozoic-benthos","The Rise of Algae promoted eukaryote predation in the Neoproterozoic benthos","","Marine algae expansion in the Neoproterozoic is proposed to have increased predatory microbial eukaryote activity. To evaluate this, algal particulate matter was added to marine sediments beneath a modern oxygen minimum zone with late-Neoproterozoic-like bottom-water oxygen. Under anoxia, algal matter strongly enhanced microbial eukaryote gene expression, especially anaerobic energy metabolism and phagocytosis, and increased 18S rRNA from known predatory clades. It also boosted benthic foraminifera reproduction and net growth efficiency, supporting modern-style food-web formation by transferring fixed carbon and energy to higher trophic levels.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-rise-of-algae-promoted-eukaryote-predation-in-the-neoproterozoic-benthos/156180/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-rise-of-algae-promoted-eukaryote-predation-in-the-neoproterozoic-benthos/156180.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-08-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What hypothesis does the article test about the Neoproterozoic ocean?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study tests whether increased marine algal biomass during the Neoproterozoic promoted predatory microbial eukaryotes and amplified eukaryote predation in benthic ecosystems.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do the authors experimentally simulate Neoproterozoic conditions?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They introduce algal particulate matter into marine sediments under a modern oxygen minimum zone with bottom-water oxygen levels approximating those of the late Neoproterozoic water column.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What biological effects are observed under anoxia after adding algal particulate matter?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Anoxia triggers stronger microbial eukaryote gene expression related to anaerobic energy metabolism and phagocytosis, increases abundance of 18S rRNA from predatory clades, and enhances benthic foraminifera reproduction and net growth efficiency.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},156180,1787954724,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},1374391974585,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Science  \nAdvA nceS | ReS eARch A Rticle  \nPALEONTOLOGY  \nThe Rise of Algae promoted eukaryote predation in the Neoproterozoic benthos  \nDaniel B. Mills1,2*, AurèleVuillemin3, Katharina Muschler1, Ömer K. Coskun1, William D. Orsi1,4*  \nThe proliferation of marine algae in the Neoproterozoic Era is thought to have stimulated the ecology of predatory microbial eukaryotes. To test this proposal, we introduced algal particulate matter (APM) to marine sediments underlying a modern marine oxygen minimum zone with bottom-water oxygen concentrations approximating those of the late Neoproterozoic water column. We found that under anoxia, APM significantly stimulated microbial eukaryote gene expression, particularly genes involved in anaerobic energy metabolism and phagocytosis, and increased the relative abundance of 18S rRNA from known predatory clades. We additionally confirmed that APM promoted the reproduction of benthic foraminifera under anoxia with higher-than-expected net growth efficiencies. Overall, our findings suggest that algal biomass exported to the Neoproterozoic benthos stimulated the ecology of benthic predatory protists under anoxia, thereby creating more modern food webs by enhancing the transfer of fixed carbon and energy to eukaryotes occupying higher trophic levels, including the earliest benthic metazoans.  \ncopyright © 2025 the Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. no claim to original U.S.  \nGovernment Works. distributed under a creative commons Attribution noncommercial license 4.0 (cc BY-nc) .  \nINTRODUCTION  \nCrown-group eukaryotes—the clade encompassing the last eukaryote common ancestor (LECA) and all of its descendants—apparently diversified in the Neoproterozoic Era (1000 to 539 million years ago or Ma) (1, 2), before the establishment of modern marine oxygen (O2) levels (3). While the oldest body fossils with diagnostic eukaryote features date to ~ 1650 Ma (1), body fossils confidently assigned to living eukaryote lineages are unknown from rocks older than~ 1050 Ma (4). Similarly, extractable regular (4-desmethyl) steranes—the molecular fossils of sterols produced by living eukaryotes—are unknown from rocks older than ~ 820 Ma (2, 5, 6), although the remains of sterol precursors are known from rocks as old as~ 1640 Ma (2) . The succession of the earliest extractable steranesin the rock record suggests an increase in the relative abundance of marine red algae (members of the Rhodophyta in the Archaeplastida supergroup) by ~ 820 Ma, followed by an increase in the relative abundance of marine green algae (members of the Chloroplastida in the Archaeplastida supergroup) by ~635 Ma (2, 6) . These shifts correspond to increased ratios of steranes to hopanes (the molecular fossils of bacterial hopanoids), suggesting a growing contribution of algal versus bacterial organic matter to marine sediments throughout this interval (5) . Together, this apparent expansion of marine archaeplastids in the Neoproterozoic ocean has been broadly referred to as the “Rise of Algae”(5) .  \nThe oldest body fossil evidence for modern eukaryote primary producers, as well as the biomarker evidence for the Rise of Algae, broadly corresponds to the oldest body fossil evidence for eukaryoteon-eukaryote predation (eukaryovory) (7). Some of the oldest body fossils displaying signs of eukaryote predation (8) have been confidently assigned to extant groups of heterotrophic microbial eukaryotes (protists), namely the Amoebozoa (9), while other fossils from  \n1department of earth and environmental Sciences, Paleontology and Geobiology, ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany. 2the Penn State extraterrestrial intelligence center, Penn State, University Park, PA 16802, USA. 3GFZ German Research centre for Geosciences, Section Geomicrobiology, telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany.4GeoBio-centerlMU, ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen, 80333 Munich, Germa","cbCaikyp9ADCbdzE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikyp9ADCbdzE","pdf",2573852,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Rise of Algae and Neoproterozoic diversification\n## Links to eukaryote-on-eukaryote predation\n## Unresolved constraints in modern anoxic analogs","[{\"question\":\"What hypothesis does the article test about the Neoproterozoic ocean?\",\"answer\":\"The study tests whether increased marine algal biomass during the Neoproterozoic promoted predatory microbial eukaryotes and amplified eukaryote predation in benthic ecosystems.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the authors experimentally simulate Neoproterozoic conditions?\",\"answer\":\"They introduce algal particulate matter into marine sediments under a modern oxygen minimum zone with bottom-water oxygen levels approximating those of the late Neoproterozoic water column.\"},{\"question\":\"What biological effects are observed under anoxia after adding algal particulate matter?\",\"answer\":\"Anoxia triggers stronger microbial eukaryote gene expression related to anaerobic energy metabolism and phagocytosis, increases abundance of 18S rRNA from predatory clades, and enhances benthic foraminifera reproduction and net growth efficiency.\"}]","The Rise of Algae promoted eukaryote predation in the Neoproterozoic benthos | PDF",33]