[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40988-en":3,"doc-seo-40988-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40988,1374391974564,"Clementine","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253aa45c000a9e?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779874745381141002",2,"Literature","The Revolt of the Masses","The Revolt of the Masses presents a diagnosis of Europe’s public crisis through the rise of the masses to complete social power. The work argues that this shift is not merely political, but extends across intellectual, moral, economic, and religious life and collective habits. Its opening chapter frames the phenomenon via everyday experience—urban and cultural spaces overflowing—turning simple social “agglomeration” into a starting point for deeper analysis of modern life.","TH E  \nREVOLT OFTHE MASSES  \nAUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM THE SPANISH  \n井79   \n90I  \nOr85r.3  \n0oid18-2G885  \nThe Spanish original,“La Rebelión de las Masas,”waspublished in 1930  \nThis translation,authorised by Sr.Ortega y Gasset,remainsanonymous at the translator's request  \nCopyright C1932 by W.W.Norton   Company,Inc.  \n2sth Anniversary Edition,1957  \n用  \nCOMPLETELY RESET AND PRINTED FROM NEW PLATES  \nBARD COLLEGE LIBRARYANNANDALE-ON-HUDSON,N.Y.  \nContents  \n1 THE COMING OF THE MASSES  \nII  \n2 THE RISE OF THE HISTORIC LEVEL  \nI9  \n3 THE HEIGHT OF THE TIMES  \n28  \n38  \n4 THE INCREASE OF LIFE  \n5 A STATISTICAL FACT  \n47  \n6 THE DISSECTION OF THE MASS-MAN BEGINS  \n54  \n7 NOBLE LIFE AND COMMON LIFE,OR EFFORT AND INERTIA 61  \n88 WHY THE MASSES INTERVENE IN EVERYTHING,AND WHYTHEIR INTERVENTION IS SOLELY BY VIOLENCE  \n68  \n78  \n9 THE PRIMITIVE AND THE TECHNICAL  \n88  \n10 PRIMITIVISM AND HISTORY  \n11 THE SELF-SATISFIED AGE  \n97  \n12 THE BARBARISM OF“SPECIALISATION”107  \n13 THE GREATEST DANGER,THE STATE115  \n14 WHO RULES IN THE WORLD?125  \n15 WE ARRIVE AT THE REAL QUESTION187  \n# Prefatory Note\n\nIn my book Espana Invertebrada,published in 1922,inan article in EI Sol entitled “Masas”(1926),and in twolectures given to the Association of Friends of Art inBuenos Aires(1928),I have treated the subject devel-oped in the present essay.My purpose now is to collectand complete what I have already said,so as to producean organic doctrine concerning the most important factof our time.  \n# The Revolt of the Masses\n\n# 1\n\nThe Coming of the Masses  \nTHERE is one fact which,whether for good or ill,is ofutmost importance in the public life of Europe at thepresent moment.This fact is the accession of the massesto complete social power.As the masses,by definition,neither should nor can direct their own personal existence,and still less rule society in general,this fact means thatactually Europe is suffering from the greatest crisis thatcan afflict peoples,nations,and civilisation.Such a crisishas occurred more than once in history.Its characteristicsand its consequences are well known.So also is its name.Itis called the rebellion of the masses.In order to understandthis formidable fact,it is important from the start to avoidgiving to the words\"rebellion,\"“masses,\"and “socialpower”a meaning exclusively or primarily political.Pub-lic life is not solely political,but equally,and even pri-marily,intellectual,moral,economic,religious;it com-prises all our collective habits,including our fashions bothof dress and of amusement.  \nPerhaps the best line of approach to this historical phe-nomenon may be found by turning our attention to avisual experience,stressing one aspect of our epoch whichis plain to our very eyes.This fact is quite simple to enun-ciate,though not so to analyse.I shall call it the fact ofagglomeration,of \"plenitude.\"Towns are full of people,houses full of tenants,hotels full of guests,trains full oftravellers,cafés full of customers,parks full of prome-naders,consulting-rooms of famous doctors full of pa-  \n1t  \n# I2        THE REVOLT OF THE MASSES\n\ntients,theatres full of spectators,and beaches full ofbathers.What previously was,in general,no problem,now begins to be an everyday one,namely,to find room.  \nThat is all.Can there be any fact simpler,more patent,more constant in actual life?Let us now pierce the plainsurface of this observation and we shall be surprised tosee how there wells forth an unexpected spring in whichthe white light of day,of our actual day,is broken upinto its rich chromatic content.What is it that we see,and the sight of which causes us so much surprise?Wesee the multitude,as such,in possession of the places andthe instruments created by civilisation.The slightest re-flection will then make us surprised at our own surprise.What about it?Is this not the ideal state of things?Thetheatre has seats to be occupied—in other words,so thatthe house may be full—and now they are overflowing;people anxious to use them are left","cbCaiqf3YMuL7a9w","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqf3YMuL7a9w","pdf",22972617,4,1,188,"English","en",105,"# Prefatory Note\n# The Revolt of the Masses\n# 1 The Coming of the Masses","[{\"question\":\"What is the central fact Ortega identifies about Europe’s public life?\",\"answer\":\"Europe is experiencing the accession of the masses to complete social power, which he treats as the gravest crisis societies can face.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the author say “rebellion” and “masses” are not primarily political terms?\",\"answer\":\"Public life is equally intellectual, moral, economic, and religious, encompassing collective habits such as fashions in dress and amusement.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the first chapter approach the phenomenon in everyday terms?\",\"answer\":\"It starts from visible life: towns full of people and public venues overflowing, creating the practical problem of “finding room,” which signals a real historical 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