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This correlational study examines the relationship between instructional-related expenditures and achievement on Texas’s state-mandated STAAR exam across small, mid-size, and large districts using stratified random sampling and secondary accountability data. Partial-correlation results indicate statistically significant links for specific per-pupil instructional and curriculum development expenditure measures.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-relationship-between-school-district-instructional-related-expenditures-to-state-exam-scores-in-small-mid-size-and-large-school-districts-in-texas-december-2018/601887/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-relationship-between-school-district-instructional-related-expenditures-to-state-exam-scores-in-small-mid-size-and-large-school-districts-in-texas-december-2018/601887.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study tests the relationship between instructional-related expenditures and student performance on a Texas state-mandated exam across small, mid-size, and large school districts.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the study conducted?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It used correlational design with secondary data analysis of Texas district accountability data, applying a stratified random sample by district size.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which instructional expenditure variables showed statistically significant relationships with district performance?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Partial correlations indicate significant relationships for per-pupil instructional expenditures as a percentage of operational expenditures and per-pupil curriculum development expenditures.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601887,1792165179,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090894170,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","The Relationship Between School District Instructional Related Expenditures to State Exam Scores in Small, Mid-Size, and Large School Districts  \nin Texas  \nRobert E. Nicks, Gary E. Martin, Tilisa N. Thibodeaux,  \nJ. Kenneth Young  \nLamar University  \nThere has been much debate by and among federal and state education agencies, state legislatures, courts, and educators regarding the identification of school district expenditures that best facilitate effective and efficient schools. The issue of equitable funding is far from being resolved (Education Week, 2017). Contradictory studies associated with school district funding, expenditures, and student achievement have been used to substantiate varied opinions on the subject (Archibald, 2006; Gigliotti & Sorensen, 2017; Pan, Rudo, Schneider, and Smith-Hansen, 2003). While much of the existing research is focused on overall school revenue and/or expenditures, research is needed that provides information specific to instructional expendituresand student performance.  \nThe purpose of this study was to test the relationship between instructional related expenditures and student performance on a state mandated exam in small, mid-size, and large school districts in Texas. This correlational study utilized secondary data analysis of Texas school district accountability data to test the relationship between various district-level instructional expenditures and school district student performance. A stratified random sample of school districts were used in the study: Small = 1,000 – 2,000 students n = 120, Mid-Size = 5,000 – 10,000 students n = 59, and Large = 25,000 or more students n = 43.  \nBased upon the findings of the partial correlations, two variables, per-pupil instructional expenditures as a percentage of operational expenditures and per-pupil expenditures for curriculum development had a statistically significant relationship with district performance on the State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR).  \nICPEL Education Leadership Review, Vol. 19, No. 1– December, 2018 ISSN: 1532-0723 © 2018 International Council of Professors of Educational Leadership  \nSchool finance has been an ongoing source of often contentious debate in the United States; specifically, as it relates to student/school performance and accountability (Archibald, 2006; Gigliotti & Sorensen, 2017; Pan et al., 2003) . Arguably, one reason for the contentiousness is because research on the relationships between school district funding, expenditures, and student achievement has been inconclusive and often contradictory (Archibald, 2006; Gigliotti & Sorensen, 2017; Pan et al., 2003) . The lack of consensus in findings has allowed entities to espouse favorable findings to support their preferred initiatives in regard to school finance (e.g., calls for more school funding, revised school funding models, more accountability, less funding for public education, and the need for a voucher system) .  \nIt has been suggested that one of the potential factors for inconclusive and contradictory findings was because much of the existing research focused on overall school revenue and/or expenditures. Archibald (2006) suggested that expenditures per pupil must be disaggregated into more meaningful categories to discern the relationship between resources and expenditures to student achievement. In other words, identifying the relationship between instructional related expenditures to student performance was a method of creating more specificity to targeted relationships, eliminating potentially confounding expenditures that may be unrelated or marginally related to student achievement.  \nFunding for public schools [in the U.S. is](in the U.S. is) often influenced, either directly or indirectly, by district size. For example, in Texas much of the funding for daily operations is from a Maintenance and Operation tax (M&O) established by school districts (Texas Education Agency, 2018b) . Although there are formulas and g","cbCaiaLT0rE5nkcV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaLT0rE5nkcV","pdf",303334,17,"English","# Review of the Literature\n## Educational Expenditures","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study tests the relationship between instructional-related expenditures and student performance on a Texas state-mandated exam across small, mid-size, and large school districts.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the study conducted?\",\"answer\":\"It used correlational design with secondary data analysis of Texas district accountability data, applying a stratified random sample by district size.\"},{\"question\":\"Which instructional expenditure variables showed statistically significant relationships with district performance?\",\"answer\":\"Partial correlations indicate significant relationships for per-pupil instructional expenditures as a percentage of operational expenditures and per-pupil curriculum development expenditures.\"}]","The Relationship Between School District Instructional Related Expenditures to State Exam Scores in Small, Mid-Size, and Large School Districts in Texas - December 2018 | PDF",1792093628,43]