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Human milk (HM) is linked to beneficial immune and cognitive development compared with infant formula (IF). Methods: A neonatal piglet model exposed pairs of piglets to HM or IF for 28 days, assessing fecal microbiome via 16S rRNA sequencing, intestinal inflammatory cytokines and fecal calprotectin, and oligodendrocyte maturation. Results: Microbial composition varied by feeding and over time; HM increased mature oligodendrocytes in white matter. Conclusion: HM feeding may support proper white matter development, warranting mechanistic studies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-relationship-between-infant-feeding-types-gut-microbiome-intestinal-inflammation-and-neurodevelopment-in-a-neonatal-piglet-model/450975/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-relationship-between-infant-feeding-types-gut-microbiome-intestinal-inflammation-and-neurodevelopment-in-a-neonatal-piglet-model/450975.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-05","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To determine how infant feeding exposures (human milk vs infant formula) affect the gut microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and brain oligodendrocyte maturation in a neonatal piglet model.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were the feeding exposures administered and for how long?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Six pairs of piglets were fed human milk or infant formula for 28 days.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What key neurodevelopmental difference was observed between HM and IF?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Mature oligodendrocytes in white matter were higher in HM-fed piglets compared with IF-fed piglets.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},450975,1790767674,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","DOI: 10.1002/jpen.70019  \nORI G INA L RESEARCH  \nThe relationship between infant feeding types, gut microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and neurodevelopment in a neonatal piglet model  \nHeidi Sellmann MS1  | Janet E. Williams PhD1  | Klas Udekwu PhD1 | Ashley McDonough PhD2  | Katie Heckathorn MS1 | Laurel Nuñez MS1  | Yimin Chen PhD, RDN1   \n1University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA 2University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA  \nCorrespondence  \nYimin Chen, PhD, RDN, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr MS 3183, Moscow, ID 83844‐3183, USA.  \nEmail: [yiminc@uidaho.edu](yiminc@uidaho.edu)  \nFunding information  \nThe project described was supported by an American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Rhoads Research Foundation Research Grant. This publication was made possible by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the NIH Office of Women's Health and the NIH Office of Nutrition Research under grant  \n\\#P20GM152304 . Additional funding was provided by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the NIH under award No. KL2TR002317  \nAbstract  \nBackground: The influences of nutrition on the infant's developing gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome, intestinal tract, and brain is unclear. Human milk (HM) is associated with beneficial immune and cognitive development compared with infant formula (IF) . This study used a neonatal piglet model to determine the effects of infant feeding exposures (HM vs IF) on the GI microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and brain oligodendrocyte maturation.  \nMethods: Six pairs of piglets received HM or IF for 28 days. Fecal samples were collected weekly and GI regions (jejunum, ileum, and colon) and brains were harvested at necropsy. Fecal microbiome composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing. Intestinal inflammation was assessed via quantification of intestinal interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and fecal calprotectin. Neurodevelopment was evaluated by quantifying mature and immature oligodendrocytes in gray and white matter.  \nResults: Bacterial community composition differed between feeding groups (P \u003C 0 .002) and over time (P = 0 .001) . Various highly abundant genera were associated with changes over time (P \u003C 0 .05) and only Escherichia‐Shigella was associated with feeding group by time interactions (P \u003C 0 .05) . No differences were found in intestinal inflammatory markers between feeding types, but mature oligodendrocytes in white matter were higher in HM‐fed piglets (P = 0 .004) . Various intestinal inflammatory markers and relatively highly abundant genera were significantly associated.  \nConclusion: Piglet fecal bacterial compositions differed by feeding group andover time, with several relatively highly abundant genera associated with intestinal inflammatory markers. Additionally, HM may support proper white  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.  \nmatter development. Future research should investigate mechanisms underlying these relationships.  \nKEYWO R DS  \ninfant nutrition, intestinal inflammation, microbiome, neurodevelopment, piglet model  \nCLINICAL RELEVANCY STATEMENT  \nEarly life nutrition is crucial for and influential on both short‐term and long‐term biological development. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommend exclusive human milk (HM) feeding for the first six months of life because of its nutritive and nonnutritive, bioactive impa","cbCaifj5OFixiA6R","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifj5OFixiA6R","pdf",1865401,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Clinical Relevancy Statement\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To determine how infant feeding exposures (human milk vs infant formula) affect the gut microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and brain oligodendrocyte maturation in a neonatal piglet model.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the feeding exposures administered and for how long?\",\"answer\":\"Six pairs of piglets were fed human milk or infant formula for 28 days.\"},{\"question\":\"What key neurodevelopmental difference was observed between HM and IF?\",\"answer\":\"Mature oligodendrocytes in white matter were higher in HM-fed piglets compared with IF-fed piglets.\"}]","The relationship between infant feeding types, gut microbiome, intestinal inflammation, and neurodevelopment in a neonatal piglet model | PDF",1790734148,25]