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Sanctuary policies implemented by city, county, and/or state governments restrict local cooperation with federal immigration enforcement in the questioning, detention, and deportation of undocumented immigrants. Using American Community Survey data and a difference-in-differences design, the analysis finds no average association with educational attainment in the preferred specification. Results suggest sanctuary policies may counter enforcement but may not reduce uncertainty enough to meaningfully affect educational outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-relationship-between-immigration-enforcement-and-educational-attainment-the-role-of-sanctuary-policies/591086/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-relationship-between-immigration-enforcement-and-educational-attainment-the-role-of-sanctuary-policies/591086.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"McQueen","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What relationship does the study test regarding immigration and education?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It tests whether sanctuary policies are associated with high school completion and college enrollment for Hispanic undocumented youth.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do sanctuary policies work in this study’s framework?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They limit local cooperation with federal immigration enforcement, including restrictions on sharing citizenship or immigration status and certain enforcement actions like detaining or deporting based on minor or civil offenses.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What methodology does the study use to analyze educational outcomes?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It uses American Community Survey data with a difference-in-differences research design to assess changes after counties adopted sanctuary policies.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591086,1792208862,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},5909890329169,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2021, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1–17 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584211037253  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2021. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nThe Relationship Between Immigration Enforcement and Educational Attainment: The Role of Sanctuary Policies  \nDaniel Corral   \nUniversity of Toronto  \nThis study explores the association between sanctuary policies and the high school completion and college enrollment of Hispanic undocumented youth. Sanctuary policies, which city, county, and/or state governments implement, prohibit local political leaders and police officials from cooperating with federal immigration enforcement officers regarding the questioning, detention, and deportation of undocumented immigrants. This study uses data from the American Community Survey and applies a difference-in-differences design. On average, my preferred specification detected no association with high school completion or college enrollment. These findings suggest that although these policies may help counteract immigration enforcement, they may not reduce uncertainty enough to have a significant relationship with educational outcomes.  \nKeywords: sanctuary policies, undocumented youth, immigrant students, immigration policy, educational attainment  \nUndocUmented 1 or unauthorized immigration to the United States has increased significantly from an estimated 3.5 million in 1990 to an estimated 12 million in 2019 (Krogstadet al., 2019) . These immigrants have mostly come from Latin America over the past two decades (Passel & Cohn, 2018). The federal government has responded to this increase in unauthorized immigration through different enforcement efforts, such as deploying more patrol officers at the southern border, implementing employment verification systems, and creating the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency (Meissner et al., 2013) . Although the federal government has used enforcement strategies to address perceived issues of crime related to undocumented migration, previous research has noted that immigration enforcement has a negative association with the educational outcomes of Hispanic students (Amuedo-Dorantes & Lopez, 2017; Bellows, 2019; Dee & Murphy, 2019; Kirksey et al., 2020) .  \nExisting scholarship underscores the mediating effects of the receiving society’s immigration policies and labor market on an immigrant’s educational, economic, and social opportunities (Portes & Rumbaut, 2014; Zhou, 1997) . Menjívar’s (2006) notion of liminal legality calls attention to the conceptual limitations of using the traditional documented and undocumented binary to accurately capture the effects of immigration policies. She suggests that certain immigration laws lead to instances of temporary or conditional legal status, which enables or restricts opportunities and decision making for immigrants.  \nThis exploratory study focuses on the association between sanctuary policies that counteract federal immigration enforcement and the educational outcomes of  \nimmigrants. Informed by Menjívar’s (2006) notion of liminal legality, I speculate that sanctuary policies may mediate the established negative relationship between immigration enforcement and education, potentially mitigating the effects of undocumented status and the uncertainty it produces for students’ educational outcomes. Although commonly referred to as “sanctuary cities,” city, county, and/or state governments implement sanctuary policies. Depending on the specific policy design, which varies by geographic location, most sanctuary policies prohibit federal immigration officers from requesting information about an individual’s citizenship or immigration status. Sanctuary policies may also prohibit local law enforcement from disclosing information to federal officers (O’Brien et al., 2017) ","cbCaipBbVzpGAaT4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipBbVzpGAaT4","pdf",813658,17,"English","# The Role of Sanctuary Policies in Educational Attainment\n## Research Question and Policy Mechanisms\n## Data and Difference-in-Differences Design\n## Findings and Implications","[{\"question\":\"What relationship does the study test regarding immigration and education?\",\"answer\":\"It tests whether sanctuary policies are associated with high school completion and college enrollment for Hispanic undocumented youth.\"},{\"question\":\"How do sanctuary policies work in this study’s framework?\",\"answer\":\"They limit local cooperation with federal immigration enforcement, including restrictions on sharing citizenship or immigration status and certain enforcement actions like detaining or deporting based on minor or civil offenses.\"},{\"question\":\"What methodology does the study use to analyze educational outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It uses American Community Survey data with a difference-in-differences research design to assess changes after counties adopted sanctuary policies.\"}]","The Relationship Between Immigration Enforcement and Educational Attainment - The Role of Sanctuary Policies | PDF",1792071092,43]