[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-595328-105":59,"doc-detail-595328-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-regulation-of-academic-employment-the-past-and-present","The regulation of academic employment - The past and present","","Graham Smith analyzes how academic employment in higher education was regulated before the 1980s and how that approach shifted during and after the 1980s. Prior to the 1980s, regulation relied heavily on ad hoc institutional autonomy, contracts, and custom rather than codified statutes, with limited legal entitlements such as paid sick leave. The article compares this informal regime with later award regulation and enterprise bargaining, highlighting why the sector’s capacity and incentives for formal legal control changed.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-regulation-of-academic-employment-the-past-and-present/595328/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-regulation-of-academic-employment-the-past-and-present/595328.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blitz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What characterized industrial regulation of academic employment before the 1980s?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It was described as ad hoc institutional autonomy, with universities generally avoiding comprehensive codification of employment terms and conditions in statutes.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why did the University of Melbourne illustrate a broader policy of non-regulation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Even then, it reportedly had no specific provision entitling academic staff to sick leave, despite many other worker groups having legal rights to paid sick leave.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the article explain changes to academic employment regulation in the 1980s?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It frames the 1980s as a period of transformation driven by industrial deregulation and enterprise bargaining, and then isolates main features and forces behind those changes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},595328,1793123684,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":81,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":39,"preview_page_count":4},24464137899374,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","# The history\n\nIfIhave to identify the major characteristics of industrial regula-tion of academina prior to the 1980s I would say that it was ad hocinstitutional autonoxny.From the mid nineteenth century whenuniversities in Australia were first founded,university statutesregarding employment of academic staff reflected a policy of non-regulation,except to deal with ad hoc institutional whims or crises.Noinstitution of which Iam aware ever had an overall policy or planto codify academic terms and conditions of employment into itsstatutes.The Universiry of Melbourne was typical in this respectand agood illustration,in thateven todayit has no specificprovisionentitling members of academic staff to sick leave.This is a remark-able fact given that almost every other group of workers'in oursociety has a legal right to paid sick leave-a right which is derivedeicher from public sector stacutes or industrial awards.  \nThis policy of non-regulation had widespread support from bothaczdemic unions and universiry administrators.Support from theJatter was hardly surprising given that most of them came fronacademic ranks.The cosy,collegiate relationships,custom andpractice whichfosteredacademic‘autonomy³and'freedom'and thelegal uncertainty ofnon-regulacion ofacademicemploymenthad itsadvantages.It created an impenetrable barrier for bureaucraticmanagerialism wheneverit rnay have(rarely)reared itshead.Therewere no well-trodden legal paths for acadenic managers to followwhen seeking,forinstance,todismiss staffordirect them toperformcertain duties(theduties being often impossible todefinein alegalsense),  \nGenerally,academicemployment was primarily regulatedby thecontract ofemployment in a legal sense(with some ad hoc supple-mentation by university statutes),and by custom and practice in anindustrial relations sense.There was considerable resistance withinacademic circles to industrialism and traditional unionism.Manyacademics thought-and some still do-that defining employmentrights in industrial awards would either downgrade professionalismor adversely affect existing privileges.The only exceprion to thesegeneralisations was in the College of Advanced Education sector inthe 1970s,witchin which there was a greater acceptance of legalregulation of terms and conditions of employment  \nThis led to more comprehensive award regulation in that sector,usually by thevehicle ofawards of state industrial tribunals.Myownviewis that the college sector was more opento award regulation fortwo reasons.Firstly,the colleges were new creations which wereinitially intended to be quite distinct from the universities;ratherthan copy university models,it was appropriate to utilise main-  \n     \nThe regulation of academic employment:The past and present  \nGraham Smith  \nThe Univerity of Melkourne  \nstream mechanisms for employment regulation.Secondly many ofthe colleges were formed out of teachers'colleges and many staffconsisted of formerteachers who readily accepted industrial regula-tion because the state teaching sector had always been subjected toquite detailedlegal regulationofemploymentterms andconditions.  \nIn order to appreciate the changes(and potential for furtherchange)being brought about by industry deregulation and enter-prisebargainingwichin highereducation,itis necessary toput thesechanges into a historical perspective.This article seeks to brieflyprovide such a perspective.The first part of the article provides arather sketchy history of industrial regulation prior to the 1980s,which was aperiod of transformation.The second part of the articlefocuses on the transformation in the 1980s and isolates the mainfeatures which changed in that decade and the forces behind thosechanges.  \nLookingback,and pucting aside the college sector,two aspects ofacademic employment prior to the 1980s were regarded as areasappropriate for regulation.  \n# Tenure\n\nAlthough tenure for academic staff was quite a rigid customthroughout higher education prior to the 1980s,it of","cbCaitFWvtSpikNj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitFWvtSpikNj","pdf",364259,"English","# The history\n## Industrial regulation prior to the 1980s\n## Tenure\n## Fixed-term contracts and gendered employment","[{\"question\":\"What characterized industrial regulation of academic employment before the 1980s?\",\"answer\":\"It was described as ad hoc institutional autonomy, with universities generally avoiding comprehensive codification of employment terms and conditions in statutes.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did the University of Melbourne illustrate a broader policy of non-regulation?\",\"answer\":\"Even then, it reportedly had no specific provision entitling academic staff to sick leave, despite many other worker groups having legal rights to paid sick leave.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article explain changes to academic employment regulation in the 1980s?\",\"answer\":\"It frames the 1980s as a period of transformation driven by industrial deregulation and enterprise bargaining, and then isolates main features and forces behind those changes.\"}]","The regulation of academic employment - The past and present | PDF",1792080911]