[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-127082-en":3,"doc-seo-127082-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},127082,5909887256941,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc",8,"Research & Report","The Reconstruction of Blowing Pressure in Pipe Organ Using Machine Learning - Paper","The reconstruction of a pipe organ requires determining blowing pressure, since sound adjustments depend on physical pipe structure and missing pressure information can lead to irreversible pipe damage. This study provides a methodology and an air-pressure formula for the pipe foot based on cut-up height and fundamental frequency. Machine learning estimates blowing pressure using data from only a subset of pipes. Results show that cut-up height and fundamental frequency enable accurate reconstruction, with improved accuracy as more pipes are included while even 10% can be sufficient.","The Reconstruction of Blowing Pressure in Pipe Organ Using  \nMachine Learning  \nDamian Tadeusz Węgrzyn  \nPolish‐Japanese Academy of Information Technology  \nWarsaw, Poland [damian@wegrzyn.info](damian@wegrzyn.info)  \nPiotr Wrzeciono  \nAcoustic Measurement Laboratory, Warsaw University of Life Sciences  \nWarsaw, [Poland piotr_wrzeciono@sggw.edu.pl](Poland piotr_wrzeciono@sggw.edu.pl)  \nAlicja Wieczorkowska  \nPolish‐Japanese Academy of Information Technology  \nWarsaw, Poland [alicja@poljap.edu.pl](alicja@poljap.edu.pl)  \nAbstract  \nThe reconstruction of a pipe organ involves determining the blowing pressure. The lack of information about the pressure value may even result in irreversible damage to the pipes, as the adjustment of the sound parameters that depend on the pressure requires changing the physical structure of the pipes. In this paper, we provide a methodology for determining the blowing pressure in a pipe organ, and present a formula describing the air pressure in the pipe foot, depending only on the height of the pipe’s cut-up and the fundamental frequency. We apply machine learning to determine the blowing pressure, based on the parameters of only a percentage of pipes. We found that the height of the cut-up and the fundamental frequency allow determining the blowing pressure. The more pipes, the higher the accuracy, but even 10% of pipes can be sufficient.  \nKeywords: pipe organ, blowing pressure, foot pressure, reconstruction, machine learning.  \n1. Introduction  \nFire can destroy valuable works, as happened in Notre Dame de Paris. The historical pipe organ in St. Elizabeth's Church in Wrocław burned completely, and rebuilding it took years. The data for the reconstruction were obtained by analyzing historical sources and other preserved instruments built by the same organbuilder. However, such data are not always available; sometimes the instrument must be restored from its picture only.  \nA pipe organ has a fixed relative air pressure, i.e. pressure in the windchest relative to the respective atmospheric pressure of the environment. It is most often measured in millimeters of water gauge (mm H2O) . Relative pressure is a permanent attribute of the organ because all the pipes of the organ are adjusted to the appropriate pressure value, which affects the basic sound parameters of the pipes.  \nThe value of air pressure in the pipe organ is essential not only during its construction but also in the reconstruction process. It is usually impossible to determine its value based on the preserved elements of the wind pressure system. In such a case, it is necessary to change the structure of the (usually antique) pipes, e.g., by cutting them ordeforming the pipe’s mouth. Thus, incorrect selection of the pressure by the organbuilder may result in the destruction of the instrument due to irreversible damage to the pipes.  \nIn this work, we investigate the determination of blowing pressure to protect thereconstructed instruments and facilitate the reconstruction work of organbuilders. This is important because many damaged instruments require reconstruction, e.g., in the case of fire or warfare. So far, there are no methods to reproduce the pressure value used in a damaged pipe organ, based on the pipes alone.  \n2. Methodology  \nThe purpose of this study is to create a model that, after receiving selected pipe attributes at the input, will indicate the blowing pressure at the output. To train a model that works in various situations, a sufficiently large set of input data is needed. Since the pressure value for pipe organs does not vary much and is usually in the range of 50-100 mm of water gauge, data from four instruments with different blowing pressures were used.  \nWe generated one million input datasets, where each input dataset simulates one damaged instrument. Each dataset contains data from one instrument only, representing the percentage of randomly selected pipes from all pipes available in this instrument. Creati","cbCaitaBWeQvwgpu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitaBWeQvwgpu","pdf",346710,1,5,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Problem background and motivation\n## Blowing pressure as a critical parameter\n# Methodology\n## Goal and training data generation\n## Solutions to key technical issues","[{\"question\":\"Why is blowing pressure important in pipe organ reconstruction?\",\"answer\":\"Blowing pressure sets the relative air pressure that determines key sound parameters. If pressure is chosen incorrectly, antique pipes may be irreversibly damaged during reconstruction.\"},{\"question\":\"What inputs does the proposed method use to estimate blowing pressure?\",\"answer\":\"The model uses pipe attributes from a selected subset of pipes. The study specifically finds that cut-up height and fundamental frequency are sufficient to determine blowing pressure.\"},{\"question\":\"How much pipe data is needed for the machine learning approach?\",\"answer\":\"Accuracy increases as the number of used pipes grows. The paper reports that even 10% of pipes can be sufficient for effective estimation.\"}]","The Reconstruction of Blowing Pressure in Pipe Organ Using Machine Learning - Paper | PDF",1785936748,13,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-reconstruction-of-blowing-pressure-in-pipe-organ-using-machine-learning-paper","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-reconstruction-of-blowing-pressure-in-pipe-organ-using-machine-learning-paper/127082/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is blowing pressure important in pipe organ reconstruction?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Blowing pressure sets the relative air pressure that determines key sound parameters. If pressure is chosen incorrectly, antique pipes may be irreversibly damaged during reconstruction.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What inputs does the proposed method use to estimate blowing pressure?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The model uses pipe attributes from a selected subset of pipes. The study specifically finds that cut-up height and fundamental frequency are sufficient to determine blowing pressure.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How much pipe data is needed for the machine learning approach?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Accuracy increases as the number of used pipes grows. The paper reports that even 10% of pipes can be sufficient for effective estimation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]