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Toxic metals (e.g., lead, chromium VI, arsenic, cadmium, nickel) were frequently higher in patients, while essential elements at tolerable low levels showed anti-cancer effects.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-preventive-and-carcinogenic-effect-of-metals-on-cancer-a-systematic-review/332296/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-preventive-and-carcinogenic-effect-of-metals-on-cancer-a-systematic-review/332296.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Liam","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",9,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the purpose of the systematic review on metals and cancer?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To summarize investigation results on whether metal exposures are associated with cancer prevention and with the occurrence of different cancer types.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which databases were searched and what time limit was used?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched without historical restrictions until May 31, 2024.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What overall relationship did the review find between metal exposure level and cancer risk?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Metals show carcinogenic effects at high exposure levels, while essential elements in tolerable low concentrations may have anti-cancer properties.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},332296,1790694257,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461564,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Khoshakhlagh etal. BMC Public Health (2024) 24:2079  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19585-5](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19585-5)  \nBMC Public Health  \n SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Open Access  \nThe preventive and carcinogenic effect of metals on cancer: a systematic review  \nAmir Hossein Khoshakhlagh 1, Mahdiyeh Mohammadzadeh2,3* and Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska4  \nAbstract  \nBackground Many studies have investigated the role of metals in various types of malignancies. Considering the wide range of studies conducted in this field and the achievement of different results, the presented systematic review was performed to obtain the results of investigations on the prevention and occurrence of various types of cancer associated with metal exposures.  \nMethods In this review, research was conducted in the three databases: Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science without historical restrictions until May 31, 2024. Animal studies, books, review articles, conference papers, and letters to the editors were omitted. The special checklist of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was used for the quality assessment of the articles. Finally, the findings were classified according to the effect of the metal as preventive or carcinogenic. Results The total number of retrieved articles was 4695, and 71 eligible results were used for further investigation. In most studies, the concentration of toxic metals such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr (VI)), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in the biological and clinical samples of cancer patients was higher than that of healthy people. In addition, the presence of essential elements, such as selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in tolerable low concentrations was revealed to have anti-cancer properties, while exposure to high concentrations has detrimental health effects.  \nConclusions Metals have carcinogenic effects at high levels of exposure. Taking preventive measures, implementing timely screening, and reducing the emission of metal-associated pollutants can play an effective role in reducing cancer rates around the world.  \nKeywords Cancer, Essential elements, Metal carcinogenesis, Heavy metals, Oxidative stress  \n*Correspondence:  \nMahdiyeh Mohammadzadeh[m.mohammadzadeh997@gmail.com](m.mohammadzadeh997@gmail.com)  \n1 Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran  \n2 Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n3 Climate Change and Health Research Center (CCHRC), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n4 AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland  \nIntroduction  \nCurrently, one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is cancer. More than 1 person out of 5 people get cancer [1]. Based on projections, the number of new cancer patients will increase from 14.1 million reported in 2012 to 21.6 million estimated in 2030 [2]. Lifestyle behaviors such as obesity, smoking, and unhealthy diet, genetic changes, chronic diseases, and environmental interactions play key roles in cancer etiopathogenesis [3, 4].  \nCancer is a disease caused by the uncontrolled and unnormal cell growth, resulting in the possibility to invade and metastasize any part of the body and formation of a tumor [5] . There are several types of cancer,  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed","cbCaiaCePkAamar5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaCePkAamar5","pdf",1684260,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the systematic review on metals and cancer?\",\"answer\":\"To summarize investigation results on whether metal exposures are associated with cancer prevention and with the occurrence of different cancer types.\"},{\"question\":\"Which databases were searched and what time limit was used?\",\"answer\":\"Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched without historical restrictions until May 31, 2024.\"},{\"question\":\"What overall relationship did the review find between metal exposure level and cancer risk?\",\"answer\":\"Metals show carcinogenic effects at high exposure levels, while essential elements in tolerable low concentrations may have anti-cancer properties.\"}]","The Preventive and Carcinogenic Effect of Metals on Cancer - A Systematic Review | PDF",1789997656,53]