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Altered nasal microbiome composition, or microbial dysbiosis, is proposed to contribute to malignancy through chronic inflammation, immune modulation, and cellular changes. The review synthesizes current literature on the nasal microbiome’s involvement in carcinogenesis, with emphasis on squamous cell carcinoma, and evaluates future research and therapeutic implications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-potential-role-of-the-microbiome-in-the-pathogenesis-of-nasal-tumors-a-comprehensive-review/337075/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-potential-role-of-the-microbiome-in-the-pathogenesis-of-nasal-tumors-a-comprehensive-review/337075.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why are nasal and nasal vestibule cancers difficult to manage clinically?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"They are rare, involve intricate vital surrounding structures, present nonspecific early symptoms, and have etiologic factors that remain incompletely understood.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How might nasal microbiome dysbiosis promote tumor development?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The review links dysbiosis to mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, immune modulation, and cellular alterations that can create a pro-tumorigenic environment.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What is emphasized regarding squamous cell carcinoma in this review?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It focuses on how the nasal microbiome is implicated in carcinogenesis, particularly in the context of squamous cell carcinoma, and discusses potential future research and therapeutic directions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},337075,1790831149,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","Review  \nThe Potential Role of the Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Nasal Tumors: A Comprehensive Review  \nAntonella Loperfido 1, Davide Rizzo 2,3, Bruno Fionda 4, *, Luca Mureddu 2,3, Andrea Tondo 2,3, Luca Tagliaferri 4,5, Gianluca Bellocchi 1, Giovanni Delogu 6,7 and Francesco Bussu 2,3  \nCitation: Loperfido, A.; Rizzo, D.; Fionda, B.; Mureddu, L.; Tondo, A.; Tagliaferri, L.; Bellocchi, G.; Delogu, G.; Bussu, F. The Potential Role of the Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Nasal Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Medicina 2024, 60, 1808 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)medicina60111808  \nAcademic Editors: Do Hyun Kim and Se Hwan Hwang  \nReceived: 13 October 2024  \nRevised: 29 October 2024  \nAccepted: 2 November 2024  \nPublished: 4 November 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Otolaryngology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy;  \n[aloperfido@scamilloforlanini.rm.it](aloperfido@scamilloforlanini.rm.it) (A.L.)  \n2 Otolaryngology Division, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy  \n3 Department of Medicine Surgery and Pharmacy, Sassari University, 07100 Sassari, Italy  \n4 UOC Degenze di Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini e Radioterapia Oncologica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy  \n5 Istituto di Radiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy  \n6 Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie-Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy  \n7 Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026 Olbia, Italy  \n* [Correspondence: bruno.fionda@policlinicogemelli.it](Correspondence: bruno.fionda@policlinicogemelli.it)  \nAbstract: Cancers of the nose, and especially the nose vestibule, represent a significant challenge for clinicians due to their rarity, the intricate nature of surrounding vital structures, the nonspecific early symptoms, and the etiological factors that are not completely understood. Emerging research suggests that alterations in the nasal microbiome, also known as microbial dysbiosis, may contribute to the pathogenesis of those malignancies through mechanisms involving chronic inflammation, immune modulation, and cellular changes. The aims of this paper are to review the current literature covering the nasal microbiome’s role in carcinogenesis, particularly in the context of squamous cell carcinoma, and to explore how microbial dysbiosis might foster a pro-tumorigenic environment. It further discusses potential future directions for research and therapeutic approaches.  \nKeywords: nasal tumors; squamous cell carcinoma; SCC; nasal vestibule; paranasal sinuses; microbiome; dysbiosis; Human Papilloma Virus; HPV; carcinogenesis  \n1. Introduction  \nPrimary malignancies of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are rare, accounting for less than 3% of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, and less than 0.5% of all cancers [1] . They pose a significant challenge for clinicians, not only due to their rarity but also because of the nonspecific early symptoms, the great variety of histological types, and the complex anatomy, which, depending on the different subsites, deeply influences patterns of spread and ultimately the therapeutic approach and prognosis. Moreover, the main potential causes and risk factors are not completely understood. Various malignant neoplasms can develop in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, with the most common being squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma variants,","cbCaikw3HLW9uCzu","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikw3HLW9uCzu","pdf",586432,12,"English","# Introduction\n## Nasal and paranasal tumor rarity and clinical challenges\n## Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma and tumor classification","[{\"question\":\"Why are nasal and nasal vestibule cancers difficult to manage clinically?\",\"answer\":\"They are rare, involve intricate vital surrounding structures, present nonspecific early symptoms, and have etiologic factors that remain incompletely understood.\"},{\"question\":\"How might nasal microbiome dysbiosis promote tumor development?\",\"answer\":\"The review links dysbiosis to mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, immune modulation, and cellular alterations that can create a pro-tumorigenic environment.\"},{\"question\":\"What is emphasized regarding squamous cell carcinoma in this review?\",\"answer\":\"It focuses on how the nasal microbiome is implicated in carcinogenesis, particularly in the context of squamous cell carcinoma, and discusses potential future research and therapeutic directions.\"}]","The Potential Role of the Microbiome in the Pathogenesis of Nasal Tumors - A Comprehensive Review | PDF",1790017634]