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Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a minimally invasive approach using light, nano-photosensitizers and oxygen, can address premalignant lesions. A key limitation is photosensitizer delivery, since poor water solubility restricts conventional administration. Nanostructured drug delivery systems—such as gold nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, and quantum dots—are proposed to improve delivery and effectiveness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-potential-of-nano-based-photodynamic-treatment-as-a-therapy-against-oral-leukoplakia-a-narrative-review/384220/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-potential-of-nano-based-photodynamic-treatment-as-a-therapy-against-oral-leukoplakia-a-narrative-review/384220.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"4398046744996","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is oral leukoplakia and why is it clinically important?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Oral leukoplakia is a predominantly white plaque of questionable risk that cannot be classified as other defined lesions. It carries a risk of progressing into malignancy, making accurate diagnosis and management crucial.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does photodynamic therapy (PDT) work for premalignant oral lesions?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"PDT uses light, photosensitizers, and tissue oxygen to generate oxidative damage that leads to cell death through processes such as necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy. It follows phases including photosensitizer administration, waiting for uptake, light activation at a specific wavelength, and a photochemical reaction.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What challenges limit conventional PDT photosensitizers, and how does nanotechnology help?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Conventional PDT is limited by photosensitizers’ low water solubility, which makes administration difficult. Nanostructured drug delivery systems (e.g., gold nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots) can improve photosensitizer delivery to target tissues.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},384220,1790293240,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":66,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},4398046744996,"Review  \nThe Potential of Nano-Based Photodynamic Treatment as a Therapy against Oral Leukoplakia: A Narrative Review  \nAngela Angjelova 1, Elena Jovanova 1, Alessandro Polizzi 2, *, Simona Santonocito 2, Antonino Lo Giudice 2 and Gaetano Isola 2  \nCitation: Angjelova, A.; Jovanova, E.; Polizzi, A.; Santonocito, S.; Lo Giudice, A.; Isola, G. The Potential of Nano-Based Photodynamic Treatment as a Therapy against Oral Leukoplakia: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 6819 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)jcm12216819  \nAcademic Editors: Jo¢o Paulo Mendes Tribst and Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira  \nReceived: 7 October 2023  \nRevised: 25 October 2023  \nAccepted: 26 October 2023  \nPublished: 28 October 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 University Dental Clinical Center St. Pantelejmon, Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; [angela.angjelova@students.stomfak.ukim.mk](angela.angjelova@students.stomfak.ukim.mk) (A.A.); [elena.jovanova@students.stomfak.ukim.mk](elena.jovanova@students.stomfak.ukim.mk) (E.J.)  \n2 Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; simona.santonocito@phd.unict.it (S.S.); [antonino.logiudice@unict.it](antonino.logiudice@unict.it) (A.L.G.); [gaetano.isola@unict.it](gaetano.isola@unict.it) (G.I.)  \n* Correspondence: [alessandro.polizzi@phd.unict.it](alessandro.polizzi@phd.unict.it); Tel.: +39-095-378-2698  \nAbstract: Oral leukoplakia is a predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be classified as any other definable lesion with the risk of progressing into malignancy. Despite the advancementsin conventional therapy, the rates of malignant transformation remain notably high, affecting 4.11% of adults, due to the difficulty of accurate diagnosis and indistinct treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), being a minimally invasive surgical intervention, employs a variety of factors, including light, nano-photosensitizers (PSs) and oxygen in the management of precancerous lesions. PDT faces limitations in administering photosensitizers (PSs) because of their low water solubility. However, these challenges could be effectively resolved through the incorporation of PSs in nanostructured drug delivery systems, such as gold nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, metal nanoparticles, dendrimersand quantum dots. This review will give an overview of the different innovative PS approaches in the management of premalignant lesions, highlighting the most recent advancements. From a clinical perspective, it is expected that nanotechnology will overcome barriers faced by traditional therapeutics and will address critical gaps in clinical cancer care.  \nKeywords: nanoparticles; photodynamic therapy; oral leukoplakia; nanotechnology; nano-based  \n1. Introduction  \nThe typical precursor to potential malignancy that may arise from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is considered to be oral leukoplakia (OL) [1,2] . Thereby, the WHO Collaborating Centre defined it as “A predominantly white plaque of questionable risk having excluded (other) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk of cancer” [3] . A global occurrence estimated by a published meta-analysis revealed that 4.11% of adults experienced OL; conversely, the progression to malignancy shows a fluctuation extent from 7.7% to 38.1%[2] . Leukoplakia is typically diagnosed following the onset of the fourth decade of life, and they exhibit a higher prevalence in males and smokers [4] . There is no association of chemical or physical","cbCaiftSSR8NxaqE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiftSSR8NxaqE","pdf",923064,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Oral leukoplakia: definition and epidemiology\n## Additional risk factors for oral leukoplakia\n# Photodynamic therapy (PDT) overview\n## Mechanism and phases of PDT","[{\"question\":\"What is oral leukoplakia and why is it clinically important?\",\"answer\":\"Oral leukoplakia is a predominantly white plaque of questionable risk that cannot be classified as other defined lesions. It carries a risk of progressing into malignancy, making accurate diagnosis and management crucial.\"},{\"question\":\"How does photodynamic therapy (PDT) work for premalignant oral lesions?\",\"answer\":\"PDT uses light, photosensitizers, and tissue oxygen to generate oxidative damage that leads to cell death through processes such as necrosis, apoptosis, or autophagy. It follows phases including photosensitizer administration, waiting for uptake, light activation at a specific wavelength, and a photochemical reaction.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges limit conventional PDT photosensitizers, and how does nanotechnology help?\",\"answer\":\"Conventional PDT is limited by photosensitizers’ low water solubility, which makes administration difficult. Nanostructured drug delivery systems (e.g., gold nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots) can improve photosensitizer delivery to target tissues.\"}]","The Potential of Nano-Based Photodynamic Treatment as a Therapy against Oral Leukoplakia - A Narrative Review | PDF",1790261742,38]