[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-38263-en":3,"doc-seo-38263-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},38263,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",8,"Research & Report","The Politics of Crime and Conflict: A Comparative History of Four Cities","An inquiry into how crime and conflict have shaped public order in four major cities since the early nineteenth century, comparing London, Stockholm, Sydney, and including Calcutta for a Third World perspective. The work examines the interdependence of crime and conflict with the policies and institutions through which public order is defined and enforced. It argues that declines in public order are better explained by basic socioeconomic and political conditions than by law, police, courts, or prisons, and promotes tolerant, humanitarian conflict management over brutal or draconian punishment.","TED ROBERT GURRPETER N.GRABOSKYRICHARD C.HULAThe Politics ofCRIME  \nand CONFLICTA Comparative History of Four Cities  \nThe Politics ofCRIMEand CONFLICT  \nA Comparative History of Four Cities  \nTED ROBERT GURRPETER N.GRABOSKYRICHARD C.HULA  \nwith contributions by  \nDavid PeirceLeif PerssonSven Sperlings  \nSAGE PUBLICATIONSBeverly Hills ·London  \nCopyright ◎ 1977 by Sage Publications,Inc.  \nAll rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in anyform or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permis-sion in writing from the publisher.  \nFor information address:  \nSAGE PUBLICATIONS,INC.275 South Beverly DriveBeverly Hills,California 90212  \nSAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  \nSt George's House /44 Hatton Garden  \nLondon E C1N 8ER  \nPrinted in the United States of America  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data  \nGurr,Ted Robert,1936-The politics of crime and conflict.  \nIncludes index.  \n1.Crime and criminals—History—Case studies.2.Offenses againstpublic safety-History—Case studies.3.Criminal justice,Administrationof-History—Case studies.4.Crime prevention—History—Case studies.  \nI.Grabosky,Peter N.,1945-   joint author.  \nII.Hula,Richard C.,1947-    joint author.III.TitleHV6251.G8636476-45429ISBN 0-8039-0677-3  \n# Preface\n\nThis is an inquiry into the problems of crime and conflict in fourof the world's principal cities since the beginning of the nineteenthcentury.The three Western cities are London,Stockholm,andSydney.Calcutta has been included to provide a Third World con-trast to the Western experience.  \nWe are particularly concerned about the interdependence betweencrime and conflict and the policies and institutions by which publicorder is defined and established-hence the politics of crime andconflict.\"The ultimate aim is to provide a better understanding ofwhat lies behind the apparent decline of public order in almost allthe large cities of the West.The historical and comparative data arenot likely to satisfy those who want answers to the immediate,practical question of what kinds of policies \"work,\"because themeasures that were effective prove to have been very different fromone time to another.One of many conclusions not fully anticipatedat the outset of this study is that public order depends more on basicsocioeconomic and political circumstances than on conditions con-trolled by the law,the police,the courts,or the prisons.  \nWe offer here a general description and interpretation of subjectsusually studied separately and in narrower compass.The principalmethod is conventional historiography,but the coverage is inevitablysuperficial by most historians'standards because we have chosen tosurvey four societies over nearly two centuries.The concepts andhypotheses are mainly those of comparative political science,withparticular reference to elites and contending class interests.Thesubject matter is traditionally that of sociology and criminology.Bystrict disciplinary standards,the study no doubt resembles one ofthose odd creatures portrayed in medieval bestiaries,part fish,partfowl,and part beast.We hope that it will be accepted as a contribu-tion to a new,or at least rare,species of interdisciplinary study inwhich historical materials are used comparatively to formulate andtest general theories germane to critical social issues.  \nA multiplying clan of social theorists has taken up the criticalexamination of ideological biases and unexamined premises in theempirical and theoretical scholarship of others.We shall be explicitabout the values that inform this study.The principal contributors to  \nthis study prefer social order,however defined by the ordinarypeople of the societies we examined,to disorder.We have varyingdegrees of skepticism,though,about whether public order as definedand policed by governing elites has coincided with popular views.Asthe first line of social defense,we prefer tolerant,humanitarianpo","cbCaiv41AGuqa7zc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv41AGuqa7zc","pdf",29149179,1,803,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n## Research focus and city comparisons\n## Theoretical approach and interdisciplinarity\n## Values, policy stance, and conflict management","[{\"question\":\"Which cities are studied, and why is Calcutta included?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on London, Stockholm, and Sydney as the three Western cities, with Calcutta added to provide a Third World contrast to the Western experience.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationship does the study emphasize between crime and conflict?\",\"answer\":\"The central concern is the interdependence between crime and conflict and the policies and institutions used to define and establish public order—framed as the politics of crime and conflict.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the preface say most strongly determines public order?\",\"answer\":\"Public order depends more on basic socioeconomic and political circumstances than on conditions controlled by law, the police, the courts, or the prisons.\"}]",1783059093,2024,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"the-politics-of-crime-and-conflict-a-comparative-history-of-four-cities","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-politics-of-crime-and-conflict-a-comparative-history-of-four-cities/38263/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-06","2026-07-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Which cities are studied, and why is Calcutta included?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study focuses on London, Stockholm, and Sydney as the three Western cities, with Calcutta added to provide a Third World contrast to the Western experience.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What relationship does the study emphasize between crime and conflict?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The central concern is the interdependence between crime and conflict and the policies and institutions used to define and establish public order—framed as the politics of crime and conflict.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What does the preface say most strongly determines public order?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Public order depends more on basic socioeconomic and political circumstances than on conditions controlled by law, the police, the courts, or the 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