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This study analyzes nearly 150 state policy documents nationally and actual district boundaries for Texas community colleges to assess whether gerrymandering is present. Results show substantial variation across states, including boundary-determination authority and tuition-reduction associations, with evidence of possible gerrymandering in some Texas districts.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-politics-of-community-college-districts-cepa-working-paper-no-21-08-suggested-citation/586677/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-politics-of-community-college-districts-cepa-working-paper-no-21-08-suggested-citation/586677.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-10","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How many states create service areas or “districts” for community colleges, according to the paper?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The paper states that at least 38 states have created service areas or “districts” for each of their community colleges.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What research materials does the study use to investigate district boundary politics and gerrymandering?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It analyzes nearly 150 state policy documents nationally and the actual district boundaries of Texas community colleges.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the study find regarding variation across the United States?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study finds significant variation across states, including who determines boundaries and whether districts have associated tuition reductions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},586677,1792165196,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","CEPA Working Paper No. 21-08  \nThe Politics of Community College Districts: A National Overview and Implications for Racial Gerrymandering in Texas  \nAUTHORS  \nDominique J. Baker  \nSouthern Methodist University  \nBethany Edwards  \nSouthern Methodist University  \nSpencer F. X. Lambert  \nSouthern Methodist University  \nGrace Randall  \nSouthern Methodist University  \nABSTRACT  \nAt least 38 states have created service areas or“districts” for each of their community colleges. However, little is known about the geographic boundaries of community college districts, the political process that defines them, and how they relate to institutional racial segregation. Given this dearth of knowledge, we studied nearly 150 state policy documents nationally and the actual district boundaries of Texas community colleges in order to investigate the larger political process of determining boundaries and whether gerrymandering is present. We found significant variation across the United States, including in who determines the boundaries and whether the districts have associated tuition reductions. In our case study, we also found evidence that at least some of Texas’s community college districts may exhibit evidence of gerrymandering.  \nVERSION  \nAugust 2021  \nSuggested citation: Baker, D.J. , Edwards, B. , Lambert, S. F.X. , & Randall, G. (2021) . The Politics of Community College Districts: A National Overview and Implications for Racial Gerrymandering in Texas.(CEPA Working Paper No. 21. 08) . Retrieved from Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis: [https://cepa.stanford.edu/wp21-08](https://cepa.stanford.edu/wp21-08)  \nThe Politics of Community College Districts: A National Overview and Implications for  \nRacial Gerrymandering in Texas  \nDominique J. Baker, Southern Methodist University*  \nBethany Edwards, Southern Methodist University  \nSpencer F. X. Lambert, Southern Methodist University  \nGrace Randall, Southern Methodist University  \nWorking Paper (August 5, 2021)  \n* Corresponding Author. All inquiries should be addressed to Dominique Baker, Southern Methodist University, Education Policy and Leadership, PO Box 750114, Dallas, TX 7525-0114. [Email:](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:)[ ](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:)[djbaker@smu.edu](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:)[. Phone:](Email: djbaker@smu.edu. Phone:) 214-768-1012.  \nAcknowledgements:  \nThe authors would like to thank Salvatore Saporito, Nicholas Hillman, Meredith Richards, and Christopher Bennett for their helpful comments. The research reported in this article was made possible by a grant from the Spencer Foundation (\\#202000156) . The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Spencer Foundation. The authors bear sole responsibility for the content of this article.  \nAbstract  \nAt least 38 states have created service areas or “districts” for each of their community colleges. However, little is known about the geographic boundaries of community college districts, the political process that defines them, and how they relate to institutional racial segregation. Given this dearth of knowledge, we studied nearly 150 state policy documents nationally and the actual district boundaries of Texas community colleges in order to investigate the larger political process of determining boundaries and whether gerrymandering is present. We found significant variation across the United States, including in who determines the boundaries and whether the districts have associated tuition reductions. In our case study, we also found evidence that at least some of Texas’s community college districts may exhibit evidence of gerrymandering.  \nThe Politics of Community College Districts: A National Overview and Implications for  \nRacial Gerrymandering in Texas  \nDespite extensive attention to racial segregation within K-12 education (see Reardon and Owens [2014] for a review), scholars have rarely examined segregation in postsecondary education (Baker, Sola","cbCaioPQK56er8Ji","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioPQK56er8Ji","pdf",701158,46,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Research Motivation and Background\n## State Policy Context\n## Purpose and Research Questions","[{\"question\":\"How many states create service areas or “districts” for community colleges, according to the paper?\",\"answer\":\"The paper states that at least 38 states have created service areas or “districts” for each of their community colleges.\"},{\"question\":\"What research materials does the study use to investigate district boundary politics and gerrymandering?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes nearly 150 state policy documents nationally and the actual district boundaries of Texas community colleges.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the study find regarding variation across the United States?\",\"answer\":\"The study finds significant variation across states, including who determines boundaries and whether districts have associated tuition reductions.\"}]","The Politics of Community College Districts - CEPA Working Paper No. 21 -08 - Suggested citation | PDF",1792058892,116]