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CA 19-9 is the current reference biomarker but suffers from low specificity and inadequate screening performance. The paper summarizes candidate biomarkers identified across serum, urine, feces, and pancreatic juice, notes the need for validation in larger cohorts, and highlights how omics science and liquid biopsy are shaping future research.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-past-present-and-future-of-biomarkers-for-the-early-diagnosis-of-pancreatic-cancer-review/337180/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-past-present-and-future-of-biomarkers-for-the-early-diagnosis-of-pancreatic-cancer-review/337180.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is early diagnosis crucial in pancreatic cancer?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed at a locally advanced or metastatic stage, which limits eligibility for curative surgery. 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The Past, Present, and Future of Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 2840. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)biomedicines12122840  \nAcademic Editors: Nelson Yee and David R. Wallace  \nReceived: 1 November 2024  \nRevised: 30 November 2024  \nAccepted: 11 December 2024  \nPublished: 13 December 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 CEMAD Centro Malattie dell’Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; federica.vitale@guest.policlinicogemelli.it (F.V.); [lorenzo.zileridalverme@policlinicogemelli.it](lorenzo.zileridalverme@policlinicogemelli.it) (L.Z.D.V.); [mattia.paratore@guest.policlinicogemelli.it](mattia.paratore@guest.policlinicogemelli.it) (M.P.); [marcantonio.negri@policlinicogemelli.it](marcantonio.negri@policlinicogemelli.it) (M.N.); [enricocelestino.nista@policlinicogemelli.it](enricocelestino.nista@policlinicogemelli.it) (E.C.N.); [mariaelena.ainora@policlinicogemelli.it](mariaelena.ainora@policlinicogemelli.it) (M.E.A.); [giorgio.esposto@guest.policlinicogemelli.it](giorgio.esposto@guest.policlinicogemelli.it) (G.E.); [irene.mignini@guest.policlinicogemelli.it](irene.mignini@guest.policlinicogemelli.it) (I.M.); [raffaeleborr@gmail.com](raffaeleborr@gmail.com) (R.B.); [linda.galasso@guest.policlinicogemelli.it](linda.galasso@guest.policlinicogemelli.it) (L.G.); [antonio.gasbarrini@unicatt.it](antonio.gasbarrini@unicatt.it) (A.G.); [alberto.nicoletti@policlinicogemelli.it](alberto.nicoletti@policlinicogemelli.it) (A.N.)  \n2 Centro Pancreas, Chirurgia Digestiva, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; [sergio.alfieri@unicatt.it](sergio.alfieri@unicatt.it)  \n* [Correspondence: mariaassunta.zocco@unicatt.it](Correspondence: mariaassunta.zocco@unicatt.it)  \nAbstract: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers with a very poor 5-year survival rate and reduced therapeutic options when diagnosed in an advanced stage. The dismal prognosis of pancreatic cancer has guided significant efforts to discover novel biomarkers in order to anticipate diagnosis, increasing the population of patients who can benefit from curative surgical treatment. CA 19-9 is the reference biomarker that supports the diagnosis and guides the response to treatments. However, it has significant limitations, a low specificity, and is inefficient as a screening tool. Several potential biomarkers have been discovered in the serum, urine, feces, and pancreatic juice of patients. However, most of this evidence needs further validation in larger cohorts. The advent of advanced omics sciences and liquid biopsy techniques has further enhanced this field of research. The aim of this review is to analyze the historical evolution of the research on novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of panc","cbCaipeI8nxHeDIC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipeI8nxHeDIC","pdf",1100404,31,"English","# Introduction\n## Clinical challenge and unmet diagnostic needs\n# Biomarkers and diagnostic limitations\n## CA 19-9 as reference marker\n## Need for validation across patient sample types\n# Emerging research directions\n## Omics sciences and liquid biopsy","[{\"question\":\"Why is early diagnosis crucial in pancreatic cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed at a locally advanced or metastatic stage, which limits eligibility for curative surgery. Early diagnostic methods are therefore essential to improve survival and quality of life.\"},{\"question\":\"What limitations does CA 19-9 have as a biomarker?\",\"answer\":\"CA 19-9 supports diagnosis and guides treatment response, but it has significant limitations, including low specificity and poor performance as a screening tool.\"},{\"question\":\"Which sample types are used to discover potential biomarkers?\",\"answer\":\"Potential biomarkers have been identified in serum, urine, feces, and pancreatic juice. Most findings still require further validation in larger cohorts.\"}]","The Past, Present, and Future of Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer - review | PDF",1790018036,78]