[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-320099-105":59,"doc-detail-320099-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-paradoxical-prime-minister-chapter-43-kowtowing-to-china","The Paradoxical Prime Minister - Chapter 43 - Kowtowing to China?","","Chapter 43 examines the ritual of kowtow to China and frames it as a diplomatic expectation under President Xi Jinping, posing a strategic challenge for India. The chapter contrasts India and China’s approaches to pressing bilateral issues, then narrows to border tensions, including the long-running dispute behind events such as Doklam. It also analyzes the fallout from the Dalai Lama’s April 2017 visit to Arunachal Pradesh, including competing narratives and political repercussions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":10,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/story-novel/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-paradoxical-prime-minister-chapter-43-kowtowing-to-china/320099/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-paradoxical-prime-minister-chapter-43-kowtowing-to-china/320099.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does the chapter focus on the kowtow to China?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It presents kowtow as a historically required gesture before China’s emperor and argues that Xi Jinping now expects foreign leaders to show a similar deference in practice.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What border issue does the chapter highlight as most pressing?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It emphasizes the continuing conflicts along the border, noting how Doklam lasted for months in 2018 but grew from a longer dispute unlikely to ease quickly.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How did China and India respond to the Dalai Lama’s April 2017 visit to Arunachal Pradesh?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"China treated the visit as a deliberate provocation tied to Tibetan self-rule and warned India of consequences, while India responded with conciliatory statements and reaffirmed respect for the One-China policy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},320099,1791701876,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":8,"category_name":10,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","chapter forty-three  \nKOWTOWING TO CHINA?  \nThe kowtow (or koutou in the pinyin form of Mandarin Chinese) was to be performed before the emperor of China from ancient times. Although it possibly originated in an even earlier era, it was well established by the time the Qin dynasty came to power around 221 BCE . Although there are various forms of the kowtow, it is essentially a gesture of deep respect towards one’s elders and superiors and can involve bowing, prostrating, kneeling or a combination of all three. In the past, the requirement of the kowtow in the presence of Chinese rulers caused resentment among foreign ambassadors and non-Chinese dignitaries because it was a gesture of submission. Today, the kowtow is no longer in vogue. But as President Xi Jinping grows ever more powerful it is clear that he expects most of the foreign heads of states he deals with to kowtow to him in all but form. This is a problem that India has to deal with head-on, as more than most we have to figure out how to deal with China and its allpowerful ruler in a way that best suits our own interests.  \nAs I have pointed out earlier, Narendra Modi has visited China and the US more than he has visited any other country in the world. 694 He and President Xi Jinping have met on numerous occasions, most recently in Wuhan and then in Johannesburg. But for all this, there doesn’t seem to have been much headway made on the most serious issues confronting the two nations—border conflicts, the trade imbalance, China’s growing aggressions as it seeks to fulfil its regional and global aspirations, to name just a few. As with the chapter on Indo–US relations that precedes this, a detailed analysis of the India–China relationship is beyond the scope of this chapter, so let me just focus on a few aspects.  \nPossibly the most pressing issue is the conflicts on the border, the Doklam standoff continued for many months in 2018 before the two sides stood down; but the problems this year have their genesis in a long-standing dispute over the border that does not seem to be likely to ease up any time soon, notwithstanding the conciliatory noises that are made from time to time. To sort out the longunresolved border issue alone would require an extraordinary act of statesmanship and there are no signs that Mr Modi, as prime minister, has either the inclination or capability to achieve it.  \nBefore Doklam, relations between the two countries took on an icy chill when Chinese leaders turned furious over the Dalai Lama’s April 2017 visit to the northeastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims as its own. On 8 April, over loud protests from China’s government, the Dalai Lama addressed devotees from far and wide at the historic monastery in the border town of Tawang, where the sixth Dalai Lama was born more than three centuries ago. 695  \nIndia and China view both the Dalai Lama and Arunachal Pradesh very differently. From India’s perspective, the Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan Buddhist community, and so has the right to minister to his followers at the great Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Tawang. And, because Arunachal Pradesh is a state of the Indian union, what happens there is India’s decision alone.  \nIn China’s view, however, Arunachal Pradesh is not really India’s. Yes, it officially belongs to India, they say, but only because of the McMahon Line, a boundary drawn by British imperialists in 1911, which China no longer accepts (though China did settle its boundary with Myanmar along the same line) . The Chinese government refers to Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.  \nIn any case, says China, the Dalai Lama is not a spiritual leader, but apolitical one. And, given his support for Tibetan self-rule (Chinese officials angrily call him a ‘splittist’ 696 ), his visit to a sensitive border area was viewed as a deliberate provocation.  \nAccording to China’s spokesman, allowing the Dalai Lama to visit Arunachal Pradesh could harm bilate","cbCaiklt9fEAbewo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiklt9fEAbewo","pdf",759933,23,"English","# KOWTOWING TO CHINA?\n## Kowtow as diplomatic submission\n## Border conflicts and the Doklam standoff\n## Dalai Lama visit to Tawang and Arunachal Pradesh","[{\"question\":\"Why does the chapter focus on the kowtow to China?\",\"answer\":\"It presents kowtow as a historically required gesture before China’s emperor and argues that Xi Jinping now expects foreign leaders to show a similar deference in practice.\"},{\"question\":\"What border issue does the chapter highlight as most pressing?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes the continuing conflicts along the border, noting how Doklam lasted for months in 2018 but grew from a longer dispute unlikely to ease quickly.\"},{\"question\":\"How did China and India respond to the Dalai Lama’s April 2017 visit to Arunachal Pradesh?\",\"answer\":\"China treated the visit as a deliberate provocation tied to Tibetan self-rule and warned India of consequences, while India responded with conciliatory statements and reaffirmed respect for the One-China policy.\"}]","The Paradoxical Prime Minister - Chapter 43 - Kowtowing to China? | PDF",1789949168,35]