[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-46164-en":3,"doc-seo-46164-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},46164,962075114765,"Quinn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","The Ottoman Empire and the Indian Ocean","Explores how Ottoman expansion in the sixteenth century positioned the empire to control key nodes in Indian Ocean trade, especially in confrontations with Portuguese efforts to monopolize the spice economy. Traces early Ottoman contacts with India, diplomatic and military involvement against the Portuguese in the Red Sea and western India, and the role of Ottoman claims as guardians of Mecca and Medina. Also examines later shifts driven by European colonial activity and continuing commercial and religious ties such as the hajj.","| The Ottoman Empire and the Indian Ocean\u003Cbr>A. C. S. Peacock\u003Cbr>Subject: Indian Ocean Studies Online Publication Date: Mar 2018\u003Cbr>DOI: 10. 1093/acrefore/9780190277727 .013.31 |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Summary and Keywords\u003Cbr>With its conquest of the Arab lands in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire (1300–1923) came to control some of the major entrepots of the Indian Ocean trade in the west. This expansion, however, also brought the Ottomans into confrontation with the Portuguese, who were seeking to establish a monopoly of the lucrative spice trade. In the first half of the 16th century, Ottoman involvement was limited to the western half of the Indian Ocean, but in the later 16th century, the Southeast Asian sultanate of Aceh forged an alliance with the Ottomans, which, if short-lived in practice, was to attain considerable symbolic importance in later times. Ottoman involvement in the Indian Ocean resumed in the 19th century, again as a reaction to European colonial activities. In the meantime, both commercial and religious links, in particular the hajj, meant that the Ottomans had a prominent role in the Indian Ocean despite only controlling limited littoral territories.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Ottoman Empire, Indian Ocean, trade, hajj, Portuguese |  |\n\nThe 16th Century  \nOttoman contacts with India dated back to the second half of the 15th century. Embassies were exchanged between the Ottomans and the Bahmanid sultans of the Deccan, and Ottoman subjects were employed in India; rumis, or Anatolians, were particularly prized for their mastery of artillery.1 Yet the engagement between the two sides was limited. Ottoman involvement with the Indian Ocean region more broadly started in the wake of Portuguese attempts to establish a spice monopoly in the early years of the 16th century, following their rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487. These were accompanied by Portuguese attacks on the Red Sea, which was largely (if nominally) under the control of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt (r. 1250–1517) . A Portuguese base was briefly established at Socotra in 1507, and in 1513 a Portuguese expedition penetrated the Red Sea, although it failed in its aim to seize Jeddah. Even before this, the Mamluks had sought aid from the Ottomans, lacking either supplies of timber for warships or much experience in naval warfare. Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512) provided both men and ships with which the Mamluks launched an assault on the Portuguese in India. The Mamluk-Ot  \ntoman contingent, commanded by Husayn al-Kurdi, defeated the Portuguese at Chaul in western India in 1508, but was itself decisively defeated at Diu the following year.2  \nThe Ottoman contribution to these initial efforts seems to have been motivated less by concern about the Portuguese than a desire to promote the international image of Bayezid as a protector of Islam and to gain leverage over the crumbling Mamluk state, which the Ottomans duly took over in 1516–1517. The Ottomans also inherited from the Mamluks the position of being the protectors of the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina, which would in subsequent years form one of the most important means by which the Ottoman relationship with the Indian Ocean world was mediated, both through the pilgrimage and through the credibility that control of the shrines gave to Ottoman claims of being Caliphs, universally recognized Muslim rulers. However, for much of the 16th century, Ottoman involvement in the Indian Ocean continued to revolve around the threat presented by the Portuguese.  \nMore immediately, Sultan Selim I formed an alliance with the ruler of Gujarat, just as his Mamluk predecessors had, and the Ottoman interest in the Indian Ocean was also suggested by the navigator Piri Reis’s composition of a world map for the Ottoman sultan. This was evidently focused on the Indian Ocean, although these parts are now lost.3 The poem introducing Piri Reis’s slightly later Kitab-i Bahriye (Book of Seafaring, 1521, revised 1526),","cbCainEIGFh76PRO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainEIGFh76PRO","pdf",781092,3,1,14,"English","en",105,"# The Ottoman Empire and Indian Ocean Trade\n## Early Contacts in the Late 15th Century\n## Portuguese Competition and Naval Confrontations\n## Ottoman Motives: Image, Leverage, and Caliphal Claims\n## Red Sea Governance and Key Bases\n## Alliances and Regional Extensions","[{\"question\":\"How did the Ottoman Empire become involved in Indian Ocean trade in the 16th century?\",\"answer\":\"Ottoman conquest of Arab lands brought control over major western Indian Ocean trading entrepots, linking the empire to both commerce and regional politics. Portuguese attempts to create a spice monopoly then shaped Ottoman engagement.\"},{\"question\":\"What conflict did Ottomans face from the Portuguese, and where did it play out?\",\"answer\":\"Portuguese efforts to monopolize lucrative spice trade led to attacks across the Red Sea and into parts of the Indian Ocean. Ottoman-Mamluk forces defeated the Portuguese at Chaul (1508) but were later defeated at Diu (1509).\"},{\"question\":\"Why was Ottoman authority connected to Mecca and Medina important for its Indian Ocean role?\",\"answer\":\"After acquiring protector roles from the Mamluks, the Ottomans mediated their relationship with the Indian Ocean world through pilgrimage and the credibility gained from controlling the shrines. These factors supported Ottoman claims to universal leadership as recognized Muslim rulers.\"}]",1783471759,35,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-ottoman-empire-and-the-indian-ocean","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-ottoman-empire-and-the-indian-ocean/46164/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19","2026-07-08",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How did the Ottoman Empire become involved in Indian Ocean trade in the 16th century?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Ottoman conquest of Arab lands brought control over major western Indian Ocean trading entrepots, linking the empire to both commerce and regional politics. Portuguese attempts to create a spice monopoly then shaped Ottoman engagement.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What conflict did Ottomans face from the Portuguese, and where did it play out?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Portuguese efforts to monopolize lucrative spice trade led to attacks across the Red Sea and into parts of the Indian Ocean. Ottoman-Mamluk forces defeated the Portuguese at Chaul (1508) but were later defeated at Diu (1509).",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why was Ottoman authority connected to Mecca and Medina important for its Indian Ocean role?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"After acquiring protector roles from the Mamluks, the Ottomans mediated their relationship with the Indian Ocean world through pilgrimage and the credibility gained from controlling the shrines. 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