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Most cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, reducing survival to 20%–40%, despite higher 5-year survival of 75%–94% when detected early. This study measures thermal differences between carcinogenic tissue and healthy mucosa using an infrared sensor, aiming to noninvasively detect OSCC and quantify diagnostic accuracy via temperature thresholds and ROC-based evaluation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-non-invasive-diagnostic-modality-for-the-detection-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-by-an-infrared-sensor/352520/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-non-invasive-diagnostic-modality-for-the-detection-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-by-an-infrared-sensor/352520.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study targets the gap between high survival with early detection and the reality that most OSCC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, where survival drops substantially.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the proposed diagnostic modality work?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses an intraoral infrared device to non-invasively measure temperature differences between tumoral tissue and healthy mucosa (or contralateral mucosa).",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What diagnostic thresholds and performance results were reported?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"A temperature differential greater than 0.97°C between sides suggests a lesion with sensitivity = 1 and specificity = 1. Regions above 38.42°C were linked to malignant lesions with sensitivity = 1 and specificity = 0.9.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},352520,1790196432,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46},1374391974585,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Cancer Reports  \nCLINICAL TRIAL  OPEN ACCESS   \nThe Non-Invasive Diagnostic Modality for the Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by an Infrared Sensor  \nShahrzad Rahimizadeh Nahavandi1  | Arghavan Tonkaboni2,3  | Soheila Manifar2  | Mohammad Shirkhoda4  | Amir Parham Pirhadi Rad5,6   \n1Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada | 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran | 3Grupo de investigación en patología Oral médico quirúrgica, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain | 4Department of Surgery, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,  \nIran | 5School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada | 6Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada  \nCorrespondence: Arghavan Tonkaboni ([a-tonkaboni@sina.tums.ac.ir](a-tonkaboni@sina.tums.ac.ir))  \nReceived: 8 December 2023 | Revised: 26 November 2025 | Accepted: 9 December 2025  \nKeywords: early detection of cancer | head and neck cancer | oral cancer | thermography  \nABSTRACT  \nObjectives: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common cancer in the oral and maxillofacial region. While the 5-year survival rate ranges from 75% to 94% when detected early, the majority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, where survival drops to 20%–40%, underscoring the critical need for improved early detection strategies. This study aimed to noninvasively detect OSCC by measuring the thermal difference between carcinogenic tissue and healthy mucosa using an infrared sensor and to assess the accuracy of this diagnostic modality.  \nMaterials and Methods: A novel intraoral infrared device was designed and manufactured to non-invasively measure intraoral tissue temperature. Twenty participants (13 males and 7 females) were examined, including 10 patients and 10 healthy individuals. The temperature of the lesion and contralateral healthy mucosa in the patients' group as well as both sides of the tongue in the control group were measured. The temperature differences were analyzed using the t-test. The accuracy of the device was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.  \nResults: A significant difference was observed in the temperature of the tumoral tissue and healthy mucosa in the patients'group (p \u003C 0.001) . The assessment of the device's accuracy in detecting OSCC revealed that a temperature differential greater than 0.97°C between the measured sides indicates the potential presence of a lesion on the higher temperature side (sensitivity = 1, specificity = 1) . Regions exhibiting temperatures higher than 38.42°C were identified as potentially indicating the presence of malignant lesions (sensitivity = 1, specificity = 0.9) .  \nConclusion: Thermography can serve as an effective non-invasive diagnostic modality for detecting suspicious oral lesions by leveraging temperature differences. The designed device facilitates early detection of these lesions based on thermal variations, offering a promising tool for timely and accurate diagnosis.  \nTrail Registration: IRCT20181130041806N1  \n1 | Introduction  \nThe World Health Organization (WHO) designates oral cancer as a top priority in its initiatives for non-communicable diseases  \nand universal health coverage. According to the GLOBOCAN 2022 project, based on updated estimates from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the WHO, the estimated incidence of lip and oral cancer is 389 485, and its  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2026 The Author(s). Cancer Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.  \nCancer Reports, 2026; 9:e70436 1 of ","cbCais17kufZmBo2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCais17kufZmBo2","pdf",614047,"English","# Abstract\n## Objectives\n## Materials and Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Global burden and survival impact\n## Current diagnostic approaches","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)?\",\"answer\":\"The study targets the gap between high survival with early detection and the reality that most OSCC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, where survival drops substantially.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed diagnostic modality work?\",\"answer\":\"It uses an intraoral infrared device to non-invasively measure temperature differences between tumoral tissue and healthy mucosa (or contralateral mucosa).\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic thresholds and performance results were reported?\",\"answer\":\"A temperature differential greater than 0.97°C between sides suggests a lesion with sensitivity = 1 and specificity = 1. Regions above 38.42°C were linked to malignant lesions with sensitivity = 1 and specificity = 0.9.\"}]","The Non-Invasive Diagnostic Modality for the Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by an Infrared Sensor | PDF",1790100082]