[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-516222-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-516222-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","the-new-leviathans-thoughts-after-liberalism","The New Leviathans - Thoughts After Liberalism","","Aims to reassess liberalism through John Gray’s political-philosophical lens, using Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan as a framework for diagnosing modern states and their power structures. The book situates contemporary governance as a form of “Leviathan” logic, arguing that attempts to order societies can become dangerous when grounded in exclusive certainties. Essays address major intellectual and historical themes, including liberalism’s decline and the emergence of anti-liberal state forms.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/","Literature",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-new-leviathans-thoughts-after-liberalism/516222/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-new-leviathans-thoughts-after-liberalism/516222.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mabel","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-10-06",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",7,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What philosophical framework does the book use to examine contemporary states?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It uses Thomas Hobbes’s concept of “Leviathan” as a framework for interpreting sovereign power and social order.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the book relate its themes to liberalism?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It treats liberalism as a historical age that is passing, and examines what is lost when traditional liberalism is replaced by newer “certainties.”",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What kinds of topics are covered in the essay chapters?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The contents outline chapters ranging from critiques of liberalism and anti-liberal governance to discussions of dystrophy, religion, elites, rights conflicts, and historical mythos.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},516222,1791412617,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,91,95,100,105,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":26,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":127,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},7971474920318,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000ee537e6b0ca360?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1788430171632181674","’A provocative delight’ new statesman  \nJ O H N G R AY  \nT H E N E W L E V I AT H A N S  \nThoughts After  \nLiberalism  \nPENGUIN BOOKS  \nThe New Leviathans  \n‘His is a calm, exacting voice, which does not rise above its measured tone even when he is relating the most egregious excesses of the pastor delivering the direst predictions for the future . . . Gray displays his accustomed mastery . . . a sobering reminder of what we lose when we abandon traditional liberalism in favour of new and exclusive certainties that are based on nothing certain’ John Banville, New York Review of Books  \n‘Hobbes’s classic reinvented for the modern age . . . Gray writes with verve and can leap from Baruch Spinoza to Xi Jinping, or Geulinexto Samuel Beckett, in the blink of an eye’Victoria Kahn, TLS  \n‘Britain’s pre-eminent post-liberal thinker. The book is a timely meditation on the passing of the liberal age, and on the life and afterlives of its grandfather, Thomas Hobbes. Composed with Gray’s characteristic erudition and taste for the ironies of intellectual history, The New Leviathansis a provocative delight, even as the author’s premonitions about the world to come are thoroughly discomfiting’ Sohrab Ahmari, New Statesman  \n‘Gray is a voracious, indeed an omnivorous, reader and a vivid writer, the essays are individually enjoyable and interesting . . . crisp, critical analysis’ Alan Ryan, Literary Review  \n‘It confronts the truth that no politician dares utter: that things are very bad with a world in which, in Gray’s words, either market forces are directed by the state or the state has been captured by corporate power’Terry Eagleton, Unherd  \n‘One of Britain’s most provocative and prolific public intellectuals’Jonathan Derbyshire, FT  \nCopyrighted Material  \nABOUT THE AUTHOR  \nJohn Gray is a political philosopher, whose books include Seven Types of Atheism, Straw Dogs, Black Mass, The Soul of the Marionette, The Silence of Animals and Feline Philosophy. He now principally writes for the New Statesman.  \nCopyrighted Material  \nThe New Leviathans Thoughts After Liberalism  \nJohn Gray  \nCoPpEyNrGihIeBdOKaSterial  \nPENGUIN BOOKS  \nUK | USA | Canada | Ireland | Australia India | New Zealand | South Africa  \nPenguin Books is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses [can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com](can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com)  \nFirst published by Allen Lane 2023  \nPublished in Penguin Books 2024  \n001 Copyright © John Gray, 2023  \nThe moral right of the author has been asserted  \nTypeset by Jouve (UK), Milton Keynes Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A.  \nThe authorized representative in the EEA is Penguin Random House Ireland, Morrison Chambers, 32 Nassau Street, Dublin d02 YH68  \nA CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978–0–141–99943–2  \n[www.greenpenguin.co.uk](www.greenpenguin.co.uk)  \nPenguin Random House is committed to a sustainable future for our business, our readers and our planet. 􀀆is book is made from Forest Stewardship Council® certified paper.  \nCopyrighted Material  \n. . . the privilege of absurdity; to which no living creature is subject, but man only. And of men, those are of all most subject to it, that profess philosophy.  \nThomas Hobbes, Leviathan1  \nCopyrighted Material  \nCopyrighted Material  \nContents  \n1 The return of Leviathan 1  \nAn epitaph for liberalism – a poor worm – seven types of absurdity – where the wind blows – Russia’s Orthodox Leviathan – the Chinese Panopticon – the passing of the Anthropocene  \n2 Arti􀀝cial states of nature 54  \nPortrait of an anti-liberal – the curtain comes down – words and demons – dystrophy and coal-black bread – a fatal butterfly net – almost nothing – silver shoes and a coat with a bullet hole – the first dystopia – Bukharin’s confession and fear of the dark  \n3 Mortal gods 109  \nWoke religion and surplus elites – God-building liberals – warring rights – feudal","cbCaicbTX18IsYoT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicbTX18IsYoT","pdf",1126185,"English","# Contents\n## 1 The return of Leviathan\n## 2 Arti􀀝cial states of nature\n## 3 Mortal gods\n## Acknowledgements\n## Notes","[{\"question\":\"What philosophical framework does the book use to examine contemporary states?\",\"answer\":\"It uses Thomas Hobbes’s concept of “Leviathan” as a framework for interpreting sovereign power and social order.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book relate its themes to liberalism?\",\"answer\":\"It treats liberalism as a historical age that is passing, and examines what is lost when traditional liberalism is replaced by newer “certainties.”\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of topics are covered in the essay chapters?\",\"answer\":\"The contents outline chapters ranging from critiques of liberalism and anti-liberal governance to discussions of dystrophy, religion, elites, rights conflicts, and historical mythos.\"}]","The New Leviathans - Thoughts After Liberalism | PDF",1791327758,29]