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Results from CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies have driven translation of chimeric antigen receptor approaches to solid tumors. This article focuses on CAR-T cell and CAR-M macrophage therapy in breast cancer, linking immunobiology to emerging therapeutic directions. It highlights how receptor-defined patient subtypes motivate novel CAR-based immunotherapeutic research.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-new-frontier-of-immunotherapy-chimeric-antigen-receptor-t-car-t-cell-and-macrophage-car-m-therapy-against-breast-cancer/382143/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-new-frontier-of-immunotherapy-chimeric-antigen-receptor-t-car-t-cell-and-macrophage-car-m-therapy-against-breast-cancer/382143.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What therapeutic strategies does the article discuss for breast cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The article discusses immunotherapy-based strategies, with a focus on chimeric antigen receptor approaches. It specifically addresses CAR-T cell therapy and CAR-M macrophage therapy in breast cancer.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) described as an unmet need?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"TNBC is characterized by aggressive behavior and poor prognosis due to limited targeted therapies. It tends to relapse early, metastasize rapidly, and leads to worse survival.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How do tumor mutational burden and neoantigens relate to immunotherapy in TNBC?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"TNBC has the highest tumor mutational burden among breast cancer subtypes, which can generate neoantigens. These neoantigens may be recognized by antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment, enhancing antitumor immune responses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},382143,1790293241,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","cancers   \nReview  \nThe New Frontier of Immunotherapy: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) Cell and Macrophage (CAR-M) Therapy against Breast Cancer  \nGiuseppe Schepisi *, Caterina Gianni , Michela Palleschi , Sara Bleve, Chiara Casadei , Cristian Lolli, Laura Ridolfi , Giovanni Martinelli  and Ugo De Giorgi   \nCitation: Schepisi, G.; Gianni, C.; Palleschi, M.; Bleve, S.; Casadei, C.; Lolli, C.; Ridolfi, L.; Martinelli, G.; De Giorgi, U. The New Frontier of Immunotherapy: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) Cell and Macrophage (CAR-M) Therapy against Breast Cancer. Cancers 2023, 15, 1597. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cancers15051597  \nAcademic Editor: Simone Krebs  \nReceived: 27 December 2022  \nRevised: 1 March 2023  \nAccepted: 3 March 2023  \nPublished: 4 March 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nIRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST)“Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy  \n* Correspondence: [giuseppe.schepisi@irst.emr.it](giuseppe.schepisi@irst.emr.it)  \nSimple Summary: To date, different therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapies, have been shown to prolong survival in breast cancer patients, representing one of the most common malignancies. Our article deals with chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapy in breast cancer.  \nAbstract: Breast cancer represents one of the most common tumor histologies. To date, based on the specific histotype, different therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapies, capable of prolonging survival are used. More recently, the astonishing results that were obtained from CAR-T cell therapy in haematological neoplasms led to the application of this new therapeutic strategy in solid tumors as well. Our article will deal with chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapy (CAR-T cell and CAR-M therapy) in breast cancer.  \nKeywords: chimeric antigen receptor (CAR); macrophages; T cells; immunotherapy; breast cancer  \n1. Introduction  \nBreast cancer (BC) is the most common female cancer worldwide. According to Globocan, it is the number one diagnosed cancer with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%) globally in 2020, and is the fifth leading cause of cancer mortality [1] . The BC incidence is increasing, especially in highly developed countries where screening strategies help to reduce cancer mortality while in poor-developing countries, the BC incidence remains low but the mortality rate is still higher [1] . However, in advanced countries, the diagnosis of de novo metastatic BC still represents approximately 3% to 6% of new BC diagnoses and has not declined despite the wide diffusion of mammography screening [2] .  \nBC is a very heterogeneous disease, clinically distinguished into several subtypes according to the expression of hormone receptors (HRs) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status: luminal BC, HER-2 positive BC, and triple-negative BC (TNBC) . HR and HER-2 are the targets for numerous specific treatments in early and advanced settings. TNBC is defined by the lack of expression of HR and HER-2 and accounts for approximately 15% of all BCs [3] .  \nTNBC has long been considered a major unmet need due to its aggressive behavior and poor prognosis related to its deficiency of specific therapeutic targets. These tumors tend to relapse early and rapidly metastasize in the lungs, liver, and central nervous system, determining a worse survival [4] . For these reasons, chemotherapy is still a cornerstone in the treatment of this BC subtype.  \nImmunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors was shown to be effective in TNBC, especially in the case of programmed death 1 (PD-1) expre","cbCaicikRV8v7PUX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicikRV8v7PUX","pdf",801134,21,"English","# Review\n## Title and citation information\n## Simple Summary\n## Abstract\n## Keywords\n## 1. Introduction\n## Breast cancer subtypes and unmet need\n## Immunotherapy rationale in TNBC\n## Tumor mutational burden and neoantigens\n## Tumor microenvironment and immune infiltration","[{\"question\":\"What therapeutic strategies does the article discuss for breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The article discusses immunotherapy-based strategies, with a focus on chimeric antigen receptor approaches. It specifically addresses CAR-T cell therapy and CAR-M macrophage therapy in breast cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) described as an unmet need?\",\"answer\":\"TNBC is characterized by aggressive behavior and poor prognosis due to limited targeted therapies. It tends to relapse early, metastasize rapidly, and leads to worse survival.\"},{\"question\":\"How do tumor mutational burden and neoantigens relate to immunotherapy in TNBC?\",\"answer\":\"TNBC has the highest tumor mutational burden among breast cancer subtypes, which can generate neoantigens. These neoantigens may be recognized by antigen-presenting cells in the tumor microenvironment, enhancing antitumor immune responses.\"}]","The New Frontier of Immunotherapy - Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) Cell and Macrophage (CAR-M) Therapy against Breast Cancer | PDF",1790249290,53]