[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-461061-105":59,"doc-detail-461061-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-new-era-of-bioengineered-plant-nlr-receptors-commentary","The new era of bioengineered plant NLR receptors - Commentary","","Bioengineered plant NLR receptors are moving toward modular design to provide accurate, durable detection of diverse pathogens. The commentary describes emerging strategies for reprogramming NLRs into synthetic immune circuits, shifting from natural coevolution to programmable immunity. It explains how traditional PTI and ETI are limited by evolutionary trade-offs such as autoimmunity and narrow recognition, then contrasts these constraints with engineered specificity. Engineering approaches including artificial evolution, decoys, integrated-domain redesign, nanobody-based chimeras, and protease-triggered activation offer improved resistance and programmable, pathogen-dependent switching for resilient crops.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-new-era-of-bioengineered-plant-nlr-receptors-commentary/461061/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-new-era-of-bioengineered-plant-nlr-receptors-commentary/461061.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem do natural NLRs face when pathogens evolve?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Natural NLR diversity is constrained by trade-offs such as autoimmunity, epistasis, and narrow recognition spectra. As pathogens mutate or delete effectors, NLR-mediated resistance often becomes transient.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do engineered NLRs broaden and stabilize pathogen recognition?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Engineered NLRs can be designed for improved specificity, expanded recognition breadth, and enhanced resilience. Strategies include artificial evolution, decoy engineering, integrated-domain modification, and chimeric receptors that detect synthetic antigens.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is protease-triggered immunity and why is it considered a precision switch?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Protease-triggered NLRs are engineered to stay inactive until pathogen-derived proteases cleave a blocking polypeptide. This pathogen-dependent activation reduces unintended immune responses and can provide broad resistance by targeting conserved viral proteases.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},461061,1791527456,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Plant Communications  \nCommentary  \nll  \nThe new era of bioengineered plant NLR receptors  \nBioengineered plant NLR receptors are advancing toward modular design, enabling accurate and durable detection of diverse pathogens. This commentary highlights emerging strategies for reprogramming NLRs into synthetic immune circuits, introducing a transformative shift from natural coevolution to programmable immunity. Such approaches have the potential to enhance crop resilience against continuously evolving threats.  \nEVOLUTIONARY BOTTLENECKS IN PLANT IMMUNITY  \nPlants have evolved robust immune responses against fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. Despite being sessile and continuously exposed to microbial threats, they achieve effective immunity without mobile immune cells, relying instead on a two-tiered defense system. The first layer, patterntriggered immunity (PTI), is initiated by surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect conserved microbial signatures. To bypass PTI, pathogens deliver effectors into host cells, which are recognized by intracellular nucleotidebinding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), triggering effector-triggered immunity (ETI), a stronger and more targeted response. This evolutionary arms race—plants evolving receptors to detect effectors and pathogens evading recognition through mutation or effector loss—has shaped immune diversity. However, natural NLR variation is limited by trade-offs, including autoimmunity, epistasis, and narrow recognition spectra. As pathogens mutate or delete effector genes, NLR-mediated resistance often becomes transient (Tamborski and Krasileva, 2020) . In contrast, engineered NLRs are not bound by the constraints of natural evolution and can be designed for improved specificity, expanded recognition breadth, and enhanced resilience (Kim et al. , 2016; Kourelis et al. , 2023; Wang et al. , 2025a) . Leveraging NLR bioengineering will therefore be critical for developing resilient crops in the context of rapidly evolving pathogens and climate change.  \nUNIVERSAL KEY: BIOENGINEERED NLRUNLOCKS BROAD-SPECTRUM DISEASE RESISTANCE  \nVarious engineering strategies have been employed to reprogram plant immunity (Figure 1A) . One approach relies on artificial evolution, combining site-directed or random mutagenesis of NLRs with functional screening under pathogen pressure. For example, resistance to Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV)—which has overcome all known tomato resistance genes, including Tm-22—was restored by introducing mutations into the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain of Tm-22 , generating receptor variants capable of recognizing mutated viral movement proteins (Wang et al. , 2025b) . While effective, this strategy is  \npathogen specific and inherently reactive, requiring continual adaptation as pathogens evolve.  \nTo overcome this limitation, researchers have turned to decoy engineering. Kim et al. (2016) repurposed endogenous decoy proteins, such as PBS1, by inserting pathogen-specific protease cleavage sites. These engineered decoys activate pre-existing NLRs, such as RPS5, upon protease-mediated cleavage. This ‘‘trap-and-trigger’’ system broadens pathogen detection without modifying the immune receptor itself. However, its effectiveness depends on decoy–NLR compatibility and is not easily generalized across diverse species.  \nA related strategy involves modifying integrated domains within NLRs. In rice, the NLR RGA5 contains integrated heavy-metalassociated (HMA) domains that directly bind effector proteins. Structure-guided mutagenesis of these domains expanded recognition to non-cognate effectors, such as AVR-Pib (Liu et al. , 2021) . However, even optimized alleles failed to recognize all effector variants, highlighting the constraints of natural binding scaffolds.  \nTo push beyond effector-based recognition, Kourelis et al. (2023) replaced the native HMA domain of Pikm-1 with nanobody domains that target the fluorescent pr","cbCaifVYTjJ7jMJf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifVYTjJ7jMJf","pdf",1013648,"English","# Evolutionary Bottlenecks in Plant Immunity\n## PTI and ETI layers\n## Trade-offs in natural NLR variation\n# Universal Key: Bioengineered NLR Unlocks Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance\n## Artificial evolution of NLRs\n## Decoy engineering (trap-and-trigger)\n## Integrated-domain modification\n## Nanobody-based modular reconfiguration\n# Protease-Triggered Immunity: Turning Autoactivity into Precision Switches","[{\"question\":\"What problem do natural NLRs face when pathogens evolve?\",\"answer\":\"Natural NLR diversity is constrained by trade-offs such as autoimmunity, epistasis, and narrow recognition spectra. As pathogens mutate or delete effectors, NLR-mediated resistance often becomes transient.\"},{\"question\":\"How do engineered NLRs broaden and stabilize pathogen recognition?\",\"answer\":\"Engineered NLRs can be designed for improved specificity, expanded recognition breadth, and enhanced resilience. Strategies include artificial evolution, decoy engineering, integrated-domain modification, and chimeric receptors that detect synthetic antigens.\"},{\"question\":\"What is protease-triggered immunity and why is it considered a precision switch?\",\"answer\":\"Protease-triggered NLRs are engineered to stay inactive until pathogen-derived proteases cleave a blocking polypeptide. This pathogen-dependent activation reduces unintended immune responses and can provide broad resistance by targeting conserved viral proteases.\"}]","The new era of bioengineered plant NLR receptors - Commentary | PDF",1790760508]