[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-138956-105":3,"doc-detail-138956-en":81,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":98},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","the-new-concepts-of-ether-and-calculation-of-the-cosmological-constant-brief-review-and-proposed-solution","The new concepts of ether and calculation of the cosmological constant - Brief review and proposed solution","","This paper revisits ether-based gravity by introducing new concepts of a gravitational ether and modeling particles as sink flows within a (0) substratum. Newtonian gravity is derived using fluid-mechanics methods, interpreting gravity as the attractive interaction between sinks. A mechanical-vacuum model is then used to calculate the cosmological constant, and a solution direction for the cosmological constant problem is discussed. The proposal is motivated by associations involving gravitational-wave and gamma-ray burst events, leading to a theoretical estimate of the electromagnetic-ether mass density.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-new-concepts-of-ether-and-calculation-of-the-cosmological-constant-brief-review-and-proposed-solution/138956/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-new-concepts-of-ether-and-calculation-of-the-cosmological-constant-brief-review-and-proposed-solution/138956.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Bill Black","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-08-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What ether-based framework does the paper propose for gravity?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The universe contains a gravitational ether described as a (0) substratum fluid, and particles are modeled as sink flows within it.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the paper derive Newton’s law of gravitation?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Newton’s law is obtained through fluid-mechanics methods, where gravity is interpreted as an attractive force between sinks in the (0) substratum.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How is the cosmological constant calculated and what problem is targeted?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The cosmological constant is computed using a mechanical model of vacuum, and the discussion includes a proposed direction for addressing the cosmological constant problem.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},138956,1787492845,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",{"doc_id":79,"user_id":84,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":85,"doc_module":4,"category_id":86,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":87,"file_id":88,"file_url":89,"file_type":90,"file_size":91,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":92,"language":93,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":94,"faqs":95,"seo_title":96,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":97},24189269381491,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/160000cf11732dd8392?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1788146458752108895",8,"arXiv :2403 .05582v2 [physics .gen-ph] 8 May 2024  \nThe new concepts of ether and calculation of the cosmological  \nconstant  \nXiao-Song Wang  \nInstitute of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan Province,  \n454000, China  \nApr. 14th, 2024  \nAbstract  \nSince the general theory of relativity (GR) meets some di􀀎culties, it seems that new considerationson the ether theories of gravitation in the history are needed. A theory of gravity based on some new concepts of ether and particles is brie􀀍y reviewed. In this theory, the universe is 􀀌lled with a kind of 􀀍uid which may be called the 􀀊(0) substratum, or we say the gravitational ether. Particles are modeled as sink 􀀍ows in the 􀀊(0) substratum. Newton’s law of gravitation is derived by methods of 􀀍uid mechanics. Thus, gravity is interpreted as attractive force between sinks in the 􀀊(0) substratum. The theoretical calculation of the cosmological constant (CC) based on a mechanical model of vacuum is brie􀀍y reviewed. A proposed solution of the cosmological constant problem (CCP) is discussed. Inspired by the association of the gravitational wave (GW) event GW170817 and the gamma-ray burst (GRB) event GRB 170817A, we propose a theoretical calculation of the mass density of the electromagnetic ether.  \nkeywords: cosmological constant; general theory of relativity; cosmological constant problem; vacuum mechanics; electromagnetic ether; gravitational wave.  \nPACS: 04.50.Kd; 98.80.Es;  \nIntroduction  \nThe Einstein’s 􀀌eld equations of gravity is a fundamental assumption in GR [1] . Although GR has held up under every experimental test, it still face some di􀀎culties [2–4], for instance, medium of gravity, inharmonious between GR and quantum mechanics, CCP, the paradoxes of black holes, the velocity of the propagation of gravity, the de􀀌nition of inertial system, origin of inertial force, gravitational waves, the speed of light in vacuum, the velocity of individual photons, etc. New considerations on the old concept of gravitational ether in the history may be needed. If the cosmological term is absent in Einstein’s equations, then a non-permanent universe is possible. However, this non-permanent picture of the universe contradicts with the philosophical belief that the universe endure from everlasting to everlasting ( [1], p. 410) . Therefore, in 1917 A. Einstein thought  \nthat the cosmological term should be added in his equations ( [1], p. 410) . In 1930, Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe ( [1], p. 410) . Thus, the cosmological term seems unnecessary. Einstein calling CC as the biggest blunder of his life. Thus, he abandoned the cosmological term and returned to his original equations ( [1], p. 410) . Later, CC was continuously and intensively studied [5] .  \nRecently, we show that CC can be calculated theoretically based on a mechanical model of vacuum [4] . The predicted value of CC is in agreement with the observational value [4] . In this paper, webrie􀀍y review the theoretical calculation of CC in Ref. [4] and discuss CCP. The observation of the possible GW150914/GBM transient 150914 association [6] and the association of GW170817 and GRB 170817A [7] suggest that the hypothetical 􀀊(2) substratum in the previous model of vacuum [4] seems  \n2  \nto be unnecessary. Thus, the mass density of the electromagnetic ether is obtained theoretically in this paper.  \nBrief review of some ether theories of gravity in the history  \nAccording to E. Whittaker, Descartes was the 􀀌rst to bring the concept of ether into science by suggesting that it has mechanical properties ( [8], p. 2) . Descartes interpreted the celestial motions of celestial bodies based on the hypothesis that the universe is 􀀌lled by a 􀀍uidic vortex ether. He thought that the sun is the centre of an immense vortex formed of the 􀀌rst or subtlest kind of matter ( [8], p. 5) . The vehicle of light in interplanetary space is matter of the second kind. Pressure is transmitted from a l","cbCailjc1Qmjato8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailjc1Qmjato8","pdf",137578,6,"English","# Introduction\n## Brief review of some ether theories of gravity in the history","[{\"question\":\"What ether-based framework does the paper propose for gravity?\",\"answer\":\"The universe contains a gravitational ether described as a (0) substratum fluid, and particles are modeled as sink flows within it.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper derive Newton’s law of gravitation?\",\"answer\":\"Newton’s law is obtained through fluid-mechanics methods, where gravity is interpreted as an attractive force between sinks in the (0) substratum.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the cosmological constant calculated and what problem is targeted?\",\"answer\":\"The cosmological constant is computed using a mechanical model of vacuum, and the discussion includes a proposed direction for addressing the cosmological constant problem.\"}]","The new concepts of ether and calculation of the cosmological constant - Brief review and proposed solution | PDF",15,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":99},[100,104,108,112,117,121,126,129,134,137,141],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":92,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":122,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":123,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":86,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},30,"research-report",{"id":130,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":131,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":133},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":135,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":136},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":138,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":139,"show_sort_weight":138,"slug":140},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":142,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":143,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":144},19,"General","general"]