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This review comprehensively discusses the multidimensional impact of innervation on cancer biology, analyzing molecular mechanisms and downstream effects on the tumor microenvironment. It summarizes cancer–neural interactions by highlighting key signaling pathways, pathological features across specific cancers, and combined influences on immune infiltration, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and cancer-related pain.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-neuro-immune-axis-in-cancer-mechanisms-of-innervation-driven-tumor-progression-and-therapeutic-opportunities/344655/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-neuro-immune-axis-in-cancer-mechanisms-of-innervation-driven-tumor-progression-and-therapeutic-opportunities/344655.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does innervation contribute to tumor progression?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Malignant cells can invade peripheral nerves or the central nervous system, altering tumor biological functions. Innervation-driven changes also promote growth and spread.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What tumor microenvironment processes are influenced by innervation?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review links innervation to immune cell infiltration, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and development of cancer-related pain.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What therapeutic opportunities does the review propose?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It proposes that targeting innervation-related mechanisms may have therapeutic value for cancer treatment. 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Immunol. 16:1693419 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1693419  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Zhang, Zhu, Wang, Guo, Jiang, Qi, Zhang and Zheng. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) .  \nThe use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nThe neuro-immune axis in cancer: mechanisms of innervation-driven tumor progression and therapeutic opportunities  \nLiang Zhang 1†, Dantong Zhu 1†, Junyi Wang 1, Jiyang Guo 1, Mingzhe Jiang1, Xinhui Qi 1, Zhuo Zhang 2* and Zhendong Zheng 1*  \n1 Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang,  \nLiaoning, China, 2 Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China  \nInnervation plays a key role in tumor progression, and malignant tumor cells often invade peripheral nerve or the central nervous system, significantly altering tumor biological function. In this review, the multi-dimensional role of innervation in cancer biology is comprehensively discussed, the molecular mechanisms involved and their effects on the tumor microenvironment are deeply analyzed, and therapeutic strategies are proposed. We systematically summarize the interactions between cancer cells and neural tissue, focusing on how key signaling pathways regulate the core elements of this process. The analysis focused on the pathological features of innervation in specific cancer types, particularly breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, revealing the unique mode of action of innervation in these cancers. In addition, we explored the combined effects of innervation on the tumor microenvironment, including immune cell infiltration, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and the development of cancer-related pain. Together, these changes promote tumor growth and spread, further highlighting the importance of innervation in tumor progression. Finally, this review proposes the potential therapeutic value of innervation in the treatment of cancer, and aims to promote the development of the field of innervation research. A deeper understanding of the complex relationship between innervation and cancer progression is critical to optimizing treatment strategies, improving patient outcomes, and expanding the boundaries of our understanding of cancer biology.  \nKEYWORDS  \nangiogenesis, cancer-associated axons, innervation, therapeutic strategies, tumor biology, tumor microenvironment  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \n1 Introduction  \nCancer has emerged as a pressing health concern on a global scale, acknowledging widespread recognition of its profound and far-reaching impacts across various sectors. (1) . In 2022, 23.56 million new cancer cases were diagnosed worldwide, resulting in approximately 17 million deaths, highlighting the magnitude of this public health problem (2) . Cancer is characterized","cbCaiu2wWZFEu0Lj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu2wWZFEu0Lj","pdf",1257205,15,"English","# Introduction\n# Role of Innervation in Cancer Progression\n## Neural–Cancer Interactions and Signaling Pathways\n## Innervation-Associated Changes in the Tumor Microenvironment\n## Cancer Types and Pathological Features\n## Therapeutic Opportunities and Future Directions","[{\"question\":\"How does innervation contribute to tumor progression?\",\"answer\":\"Malignant cells can invade peripheral nerves or the central nervous system, altering tumor biological functions. Innervation-driven changes also promote growth and spread.\"},{\"question\":\"What tumor microenvironment processes are influenced by innervation?\",\"answer\":\"The review links innervation to immune cell infiltration, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and development of cancer-related pain.\"},{\"question\":\"What therapeutic opportunities does the review propose?\",\"answer\":\"It proposes that targeting innervation-related mechanisms may have therapeutic value for cancer treatment. It also aims to support further development in the innervation research field.\"}]","The neuro-immune axis in cancer - mechanisms of innervation-driven tumor progression and therapeutic opportunities | PDF",1790054771,38]