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The preface frames the need to advance beyond empirical commentary and essayistic aphorisms, describes how the colloquium aimed to compare schools and methods, and explains why its goals were partly unmet. It then outlines the selection and categorization of contributions across interpretation, theory of expression, verse form and prosody, and translator intuition.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-nature-of-translation-essays-on-the-theory-and-practice-of-literary-translation/330118/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-nature-of-translation-essays-on-the-theory-and-practice-of-literary-translation/330118.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What conference is the volume based on?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The papers were presented at an International Federation of Translators (FIT) conference on 29–30 May 1968 in Bratislava titled “Translation as an Art”.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What were the original aims of the colloquium?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"The plan was to make systematic research on literary translation better known to more scholars and translators, and to confront different schools and methods to assess the “state of the art”.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why were the conference aims not fully achieved?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The organizers lost invaluable help after Jiří Levý’s early death in 1967, and several prominent scholars were unable to 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James S HolmesAssociate Editors:Frans de Haan &Anton Popovič  \n1970  \nMouton ·The Hague·Paris  \nPublishing House  \nof the Slovak Academy of SciencesBratislava  \nC Copyright 1970 for the authors by theSlovak Academy of Sciences  \nAll rights reserved  \nDistributors in all Western countriesMouton &Co.N.V.,The Hague &Paris  \nPrinted in Czechoslovakia  \nThis book contains the papers presented at an International Con-ference on Translation as an Art organized 29 and 30 May 1968 inBratislava.Planned by the Translators'Section of the Slovak WritersUnion,the conference was held under the auspices of the InternationalFederation of Translators(FIT)and under the high patronage of theCommissioner for Culture and Information of the Slovak NationalCouncil.  \n# Preface\n\nA fair share of the“professional literature”on translation,wrote thelate Jiří Levý in his Umění překladu(The Art of Translation),consistsof “chatty essays”,and in the past most studies on literary translation\"have not advanced beyond the range of empirical comments or essayis-tic aphorisms.”¹Levý's remarks date from 1963,but they would seemto be almost as true today.Even so,recent years have seen an increasingamount of serious study regarding the problems of literary translation,particularly in Eastern Europe.This is especially the case in Czecho-slovakia,where Levý and `other scholars,heirs of a generation ofstructuralism,have conducted a great deal of detailed,systematicresearch in the field.  \nIt was for this reason that,at the general conference of the Inter-national Federation of Translators(FIT)held in Lahti,Finland,inAugust 1966,the Czechoslovak delegation brought forward the planto arrange an international colloquium on the theory of literary trans-lation.Such a colloquium,it was suggested,should have the dualpurpose of making the results of systematic research in the field better  \nknown to a larger group of scholars and translators,and of confrontingvarious schools and methods of approach in order to arrive at a senseof the\"state of the art\"of translation studies.  \nThe actual conference,organized by the Translators'Section of theSlovak Writers Union and held in Bratislava on 29 and 30 May 1968under the title“Translation as an Art”,did not entirely achieve thoseaims.There were two major reasons why.First of all,the sudden anduntimely death of Jiří Levý early in 1967 deprived the organizers ofhis invaluable advice and aid in planning the conference;and in thesecond place,for a variety of reasons several prominent scholars in thefield of translation studies were unable to be present.  \nThe conference opened on 29 May with introductory speeches byJozef Kot,chairman of the Translators'Section of the Slovak WritersUnion,Štefan Brenčič,Commissioner for Culture and Information ofwhat was then the Slovak National Council,and Pierre-Francois Caillé,president of FIT.These speeches were followed by a general session forwhich three plenary papers were scheduled,by Roger Caillois of UNES-CO,Edward Balcerzan of the University of Poznań,and FrantišekMiko of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.Neither Mr.Caillois(who hadbeen asked to speak on the problem ofevaluating the literary translation)nor Mr.Balcerzan was able to attend the conference;Mr.Balcerzan'spaper on translation as textual interpretation was presented in absentia,after which Mr.Miko read his paper outlining the implications fortranslation studies of his theory of expression.  \nThe working sessions,chaired by Mr.Kot,Mr.Caillé,Josef Škvo-recký,Czechoslovak member of the FIT Council,and Fedor Ballo,weredevoted to the delivery of more than two dozen papers and extem-poraneous talks and to discussion.This volume contains the texts of thepapers presented,with the exception of three on topics that were onlytangential to the subject of literary translation theory:a pap","cbCaib7JrV02tXPi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaib7JrV02tXPi","pdf",10207779,248,"English","# The NatureofTranslation\n## Preface","[{\"question\":\"What conference is the volume based on?\",\"answer\":\"The papers were presented at an International Federation of Translators (FIT) conference on 29–30 May 1968 in Bratislava titled “Translation as an Art”.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the original aims of the colloquium?\",\"answer\":\"The plan was to make systematic research on literary translation better known to more scholars and translators, and to confront different schools and methods to assess the “state of the art”.\"},{\"question\":\"Why were the conference aims not fully achieved?\",\"answer\":\"The organizers lost invaluable help after Jiří Levý’s early death in 1967, and several prominent scholars were unable to attend.\"}]","The NatureofTranslation - Essays on the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation | PDF",1789987277,382]