[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-322061-105":59,"doc-detail-322061-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-myth-of-the-overworked-american","The Myth of the Overworked American","","The Economic Commentary examines the debate over whether government participation in markets is needed to address declining living standards, arguing that the common presumption of shrinking leisure is a fallacy. It reviews why earlier studies failed to separate home production time (e.g., meal preparation, laundry, maintenance, and childcare) from leisure time. By analyzing how nonmarket time is allocated between home production and leisure, the work documents implications for labor policy, including shifts from home production to market work despite overall market hours changes by gender.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-myth-of-the-overworked-american/322061/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-myth-of-the-overworked-american/322061.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Evangeline","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the central claim of the Economic Commentary?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The commentary argues that declining leisure is a fallacy and that earlier findings did not properly distinguish home production from leisure time.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why do earlier studies fail to show the alleged leisure decline?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"They did not adequately disentangle time spent in home production activities, such as meal preparation, laundry, home maintenance, and childcare, from time spent on leisure activities.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the analysis explain changes in market work and home work?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It finds that, while market and home work hours for men were fairly constant since the mid-1970s, market hours rose and home production hours declined for women, with similar patterns for couples where both work full time.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},322061,1790852345,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":24,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019662,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188","by Kristin Roberts and Peter Rupert  \n# A\n\nperennial debate that has becomeeven more sharply contested in recentmonths concerns the size and scope ofgovernment participation in markets.Free-market proponents believe that un-fettered economic competition deliversthe greatest prosperity level for the citi-zenry.Opponents challenge the record ofprivate enterprise to improve the standardof living of individuals from all walks oflife.A specific claim is that U.S.workersare increasingly being faced with theunpleasant optio of either working everharder—and enjoying life ever less-orconsuming less and watching their mate-rial comforts diminish.  \nThe presumption of declining leisurewithout compensating increases in thestandard of living has served as a plat-form for proposed govemment-sponsoredinterventions into labor markets.Al-though the details and effectiveness ofany given program can be debated,de-clining leisure opportunities,if true,quitelikely spell a downward trendin the well-being of working men and women,andtrouble for the proponents of a laissez-faire approach to economic policy.  \nThe central message of this EconomicCommentary is that the presumption ofdeclining leisure is in fact a fallacy.Pre-vious studies purporting to have uncov-ered such a fact have not adequately dis-entangled time spent in home production—activities such as meal preparation,laundry,home maintenance,or childcare—from time spent enjoying leisureactivities.By carefullyexamining hownonmarket time is dividedinto homeproduction and leisure,we document a  \n# The Myth of the Overworked American\n\ntrend that has far-reaching consequencesfor labor policy initiatives:Although theaverage worker is spending more timeworking for pay than in the past,thischange has not come at the expense ofleisure.It represents,instead,a shift fromtime spent in home production to timespent in market activities.  \nSuch a change may come as little sur-prise.The proliferation of labor-savinghome appliances and service-sector con-veniences has dramatically affected mostof our lives.As we argue here,it shouldalso alter the way we think about the\"overworked American\"and any result-ing policy prescriptions.  \nOur analysis finds that while hours ofmarket work and home work haveremained fairly constant for men sincethe mid-1970s,market hours have beenrising and home production hours havebeen declining for women,as shown infigure 1.The latter trend also holds truefor couples when both are employed inthe market full time.Possible reasonsinclude an increase in market versusnonmarket productivity or labor-savingtechnological advancements in thehome.The substitution of one type ofwork for another in response to a changein relative productivities contributes tomaking the household better off.  \n## ■ Home Production Models\n\nDespite important research in the area ofhousehold production in the mid-1960sand early 1970s,economists modelingindividual behavior,especially in macro-economics,have largely omitted hours ofwork in the home(that which produces  \nJanuary 15,1995  \nAre US.workers toiling ever harderto maintain their standard of livingand,if so,is it coming at the expenseof leisure time?Survey data reportthat over the past decade,total hoursof annual work have not changed bymuch,but the composition of laborhas shifted from home work to mar-ket work.Nearly all of the differencecan be attributed to changes in thetotal hours worked by women.  \nconsumption goods).2 This omissionapparently stems from a lack of data onhours of home labor,on capital goods inthe home(microwaves,power tools,etc.),and on the output of such work.Some recent literature,however,hasshown that models including a home pro-duction sector are better able to accountfor several aspects of aggregate eco-nomic time series and that there is somesupport for the substitution hypothesis.3  \nIn other words,there are many ways toproduce consumption goods using vary-ing amounts of home and market time,and the amount of time spent in an ac","cbCaiev2H7S5BkQG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiev2H7S5BkQG","pdf",1338367,"English","# The Myth of the Overworked American\n## Home Production Models\n## The Data and Empirical Findings","[{\"question\":\"What is the central claim of the Economic Commentary?\",\"answer\":\"The commentary argues that declining leisure is a fallacy and that earlier findings did not properly distinguish home production from leisure time.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do earlier studies fail to show the alleged leisure decline?\",\"answer\":\"They did not adequately disentangle time spent in home production activities, such as meal preparation, laundry, home maintenance, and childcare, from time spent on leisure activities.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the analysis explain changes in market work and home work?\",\"answer\":\"It finds that, while market and home work hours for men were fairly constant since the mid-1970s, market hours rose and home production hours declined for women, with similar patterns for couples where both work full time.\"}]","The Myth of the Overworked American | PDF",1789960959,13]