[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-152054-en":3,"doc-seo-152054-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},152054,1099514068365,"Aurelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/10000253d8d9f28188e?_k=1776742907772140068",8,"Research & Report","The Liberal Cloak - The Constant-De Pradt Controversy on Bolívar’s Last Dictatorship","This paper examines the 1830 polemic between Benjamin Constant and the Abbé de Pradt regarding Simón Bolívar’s last dictatorship. It argues that the debate exposed a structural weakness in liberal constitutionalism: the absence of a coherent theory of emergency powers. The study links Constant’s rejection of broad emergency provisions to later constitutional practice in Latin America and shows how Bolívar, despite admiring Constant, diverged from his approach to temporary emergency measures.","Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas Anuario de Historia de América Latina  \n55 | 2018 | 84-107  \nJosé Antonio Aguilar Rivera  \nCentro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas  \nThe Liberal Cloak:  \nThe Constant-De Pradt Controversy on Bolívar’s Last Dictatorship  \nExcept where otherwise noted, this article is licensed under a  \nCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)  \nThe Liberal Cloak:  \nThe Constant-De Pradt Controversy on Bolívar’s Last Dictatorship  \nJosé Antonio Aguilar Rivera  \nAbstract. -This paper examines the 1830 polemic between Benjamin Constant and the Abbé de Pradt over Simón Bolívar’s last dictatorship. I argue that in the debate a key flaw of liberal constitutionalism was evidenced: the lack of a theory of emergency powers. The new nations of Latin America drafted constitutions following Constant’s ideas regarding emergency provisions. Constant had argued forcibly against broad emergency provisions. While Bolívar was an admirer of Constant, he deviated from his constitutional thinking regarding temporary emergency provisions.  \nKey words: Emergency Powers, Dictatorship, Liberalism, Constitutions, Polemic.  \nResumen. -Este ensayo explora la polémica entre Bejamin Constant y el Abate de Pardt sobre la última dictadura de Simón Bolívar. Se argumenta que dicho debate hizo luz sobre una falla clave en el aparato del constitucionalismo liberal: la ausencia de unateoría respectoa los poderes deemergencia. Las nuevas naciones de América Latina escribieron constitutciones siguiendo los lineamientos de del teórico Benjamín Constant sobre no incluir poderes de emergencia. Aunque Bolívar era un admirador de Constant no siguió sus prescripciones sobre poderes de emergencia temporales.  \nPalabras clave: emergencias, dictadura, liberalismo, constitución, polémica.  \nThe independence of Spanish America in the early nineteenth-century provided Europeans with an immense laboratory where different and contending political theories were put to test. Success or failure of particular ideas and institutions in the setting of the new republics of South America confirmed or disaffirmed claims made by liberals and conservatives on the best ways to organize political authority.  \nLiberals enthusiastically supported the political experiments implemented in that part of the world. They saw America both, as an embodiment of a new society based upon their own ideas of liberty, individual rights and constitutional government and, at the same time, as a challenge to the wave of conservatism that the second Restoration had brought about. Simón Bolívar, the Creole patrician, along with Washington, was the hero par excellence of European liberals. His campaigns against the Spanish monarchy gave him a mythical character. The romance between the republican hero and the European liberals in Paris seemed to be unassailable at the time. Yet, very soon after the Spaniards had been expelled from South America, the infatuation of the French liberals with Bolívar ended. In the midst of a constitutional impasse, Simón Bolívar assumed for the last time in his life the dictatorship of the Great Colombia in 1828. When this event came to be known in Europe, one of the luminaries of the Liberal party, Benjamin Constant, wrote a fulminating indictment against Bolívar in the liberal Le Courrier Français. Suddenly, the Libertador had turned into an usurper. Another liberal, the Abbé de Pradt, replied to Constant's accusations and defended Bolívar in those same pages.  \nThe polemic between De Pradt and Constant on Bolívar's last dictatorship has been, for the most part, disregarded by scholars.1 The question that I will address here is: what is the significance of this debate for liberalism and liberal constitutional ideas? My hypothesis is that the controversy evidenced the existence of a critical flaw in the political edifice of constitutional liberalism. I will argue that the French Revolution had led Constant and other liberals to th","cbCaiqxV2HNYvkmX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqxV2HNYvkmX","pdf",493870,1,25,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## The 1830 polemic between Constant and De Pradt\n## Emergency powers and constitutional theory","[{\"question\":\"What debate does the paper analyze?\",\"answer\":\"The paper analyzes the 1830 polemic between Benjamin Constant and the Abbé de Pradt about Simón Bolívar’s last dictatorship.\"},{\"question\":\"What key flaw does the author identify in liberal constitutionalism?\",\"answer\":\"The author argues that liberal constitutionalism lacked a theory of emergency powers, leaving governments without an adequate constitutional framework for emergencies.\"},{\"question\":\"How did Latin American constitutions relate to Constant’s ideas?\",\"answer\":\"The paper states that new Latin American nations drafted constitutions following Constant’s ideas on emergency provisions, including the push against broad emergency powers.\"}]","The Liberal Cloak - The Constant-De Pradt Controversy on Bolívar’s Last Dictatorship | PDF",1787854770,63,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-liberal-cloak-the-constant-de-pradt-controversy-on-bolivars-last-dictatorship","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-liberal-cloak-the-constant-de-pradt-controversy-on-bolivars-last-dictatorship/152054/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What debate does the paper analyze?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The paper analyzes the 1830 polemic between Benjamin Constant and the Abbé de Pradt about Simón Bolívar’s last dictatorship.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What key flaw does the author identify in liberal constitutionalism?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The author argues that liberal constitutionalism lacked a theory of emergency powers, leaving governments without an adequate constitutional framework for emergencies.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How did Latin American constitutions relate to Constant’s ideas?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The paper states that new Latin American nations drafted constitutions following Constant’s ideas on emergency provisions, including the push against broad emergency powers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]