[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-330499-105":59,"doc-detail-330499-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","the-landscape-of-exosomes-from-biogenesis-to-clinical-applications","The Landscape of Exosomes - From Biogenesis to Clinical Applications","","Exosomes are extracellular vesicles originating from diverse cells that mediate intercellular communication by changing the behavior or fate of recipient cells. They transport lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, and environmental stressors can alter their contents, supporting their value in diagnosing chronic disorders such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancer, and diabetic diseases. Exosomes can also be engineered therapeutically and isolated using ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, immunoaffinity, and emerging microfluidic or aqueous two-phase approaches.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-landscape-of-exosomes-from-biogenesis-to-clinical-applications/330499/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-landscape-of-exosomes-from-biogenesis-to-clinical-applications/330499.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Emma Wilson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are exosomes and how do they influence recipient cells?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells that mediate intercellular communication. They carry functional macromolecules and can alter the behavior or fate of recipient cells.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why are exosomes considered useful for diagnosis and biomarkers?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Exosomes can reflect altered contents under environmental stress and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancerous, and diabetic conditions.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What isolation and separation methods are discussed for exosomes?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The text highlights ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and immunoaffinity. 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They carry diverse macromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Environmental stressors can change the exosomal contents of many cells, making them useful for diagnosing many chronic disorders, especially neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancerous, and diabetic diseases. Moreover, exosomes can be engineered as therapeutic agents to modulate disease processes. State-of-art techniques are employed to separate exosomes including ultracentrifugation, sizeexclusion chromatography and immunoaffinity. However, modern technologies such as aqueous two-phase system as well as microfluidics are gaining attention in the recent years. The article highlighted the composition, biogenesis, and implications of exosomes, as well as the standard and novel methods for isolating them and applying them as biomarkers and therapeutic cargo carriers.\u003Cbr>Keywords: Exosomes, extracellular vesicles, biomarkers, therapeutic cargo carriers, separation |\n| --- |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>Exosomes, also known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), were initially observed half a century ago in plasma by Dr. Wolf, who denoted them as platelet dust‘.1 Since that time, investigations have revealed the presence of vesicles in all examined biological fluids, and in vitro cultivated cell lines have demonstrated varying degrees of vesicle release.2 Although these vesicles have undergone various nomenclatures over the years, they are now commonly referred to collectively as EVs. Three principal categories of EVs have been delineated based on their size and mechanism of release: exosomes (diameter less than 150 nm), microvesicles/shedding particles, and apoptotic bodies (both considered larger than 100 nm) . The latter two types are discharged directly from the plasma membrane in viable and dying cells, respectively, and will not be further explored herein (Figure 1) . This examination focuses on the smallest subset within this family—exosomes, which are vesicles released into the extracellular milieu following the fusion of late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane. This fusion process was initially observed in rat reticulocytes in 19833 and subsequently in sheep reticulocytes in 1985.4 The term exosome was coined by Rose Johnstone, a trailblazer in the field, in 1987, as she found the process reminiscent of reverse endocytosis, wherein internal vesicular contents are released as opposed to external molecules being internalized within membrane-bound structures.5 However, comprehensive understanding of this process has largely been attained in recent years.6\u003Cbr>Exosomes have emerged as pivotal mediators in cellular communication, orchestrating the transfer of functional proteins, metabolites, and nucleic acids to recipient cells.8 Their far-reaching influence spans diverse physiological processes, including immune responses,9 tissue repair, 10 stem cell maintenance, 11 central nervous system (CNS) communication, 12 and their involvement in pathological processes such as cardiovascular diseases, 13 neurodegeneration, 14 cancer, 15 and various types of inflammations.16\u003Cbr>The clinical potential of exosomes is underscored by their suitability as diagnostic biomarkers and carriers of therapeutic cargo.17 Their diminished immunogenicity, attributed to biocompatibility and a protective bi-layered lipid structure safeguarding genetic cargo from degradation, ","cbCaiqkA631x0Nc4","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqkA631x0Nc4","pdf",5888653,"English","# Introduction\n## Clinical potential and therapeutic relevance\n## Exosome biogenesis, contents, and isolation approaches","[{\"question\":\"What are exosomes and how do they influence recipient cells?\",\"answer\":\"Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells that mediate intercellular communication. They carry functional macromolecules and can alter the behavior or fate of recipient cells.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are exosomes considered useful for diagnosis and biomarkers?\",\"answer\":\"Exosomes can reflect altered contents under environmental stress and can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, cancerous, and diabetic conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"What isolation and separation methods are discussed for exosomes?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and immunoaffinity. It also notes growing interest in aqueous two-phase systems and microfluidics.\"}]","The Landscape of Exosomes - From Biogenesis to Clinical Applications | PDF",1789989178,48]