[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113042-en":3,"doc-seo-113042-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113042,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",8,"Research & Report","The Intergenerational Effects of Economic Sanctions","Economic sanctions often achieve political objectives but impose serious burdens on civilians, with impacts that can extend into future generations. This study estimates how UN sanctions on Iran in 2006 affected children’s education, using variation in sanctions strength across industries and difference-in-differences with synthetic control methods. Results show schooling decreases by 0.1 years and college attendance falls by 4.8 percentage points, alongside a 58% reduction in education spending, especially tuition.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nThe World Bank Economic Review, 36(2), 2022, 269–304  \n[https://doi.org10.1093/wber/lhab024](https://doi.org10.1093/wber/lhab024)  \nArticle  \nThe Intergenerational Effects of Economic Sanctions Safoura Moeeni  \nAbstract  \nWhile economic sanctions are successful in achieving political goals, they can hurt the civilian population. These negative effects could be even more detrimental and long lasting for future generations. This study estimates the effects of economic sanctions on children’s education by exploiting the United Nations sanctions imposed on Iran in 2006 . Using the variation in the strength of sanctions across industries and difference-in-differences with synthetic control analyses, this study finds that the sanctions decreased children’s total years of schooling by 0.1 years and the probability of attending college by 4.8 percentage points. Moreover, households reduced education spending by 58 percent—particularly on school tuition. These effects are larger for children who were exposed to the sanctions for longer. The results imply that sanctions have a larger effect on the income of children than their parents. Therefore, ignoring the effects of sanctions on future generations significantly understates their total economic costs.  \nJEL classification: I20, E24, F51  \nKeywords: education, parental investment, economic sanctions, intergenerational effects  \n1. Introduction  \nEconomic sanctions have become the defining foreign policy tool of the twenty-first century, sometimes as a prelude to warfare, and sometimes as an alternative to it.1 While humanitarian impacts often feature prominently in the debate about economic sanctions, traditional estimates of the effects of sanctions have  \nSafoura Moeeni is an assistant professor at University of Regina, Regina, Canada; her email address is [Safoura.Moeeni@uregina.ca. This](Safoura.Moeeni@uregina.ca. This) article is a revised and expanded version of a chapter of the author’s PhD dissertation, submitted to the University of Calgary in June 2019 and previously circulated under the title “Family Income and Children’s Education: Evidence from Targeted Economic Sanctions.” The author is deeply indebted to her PhD advisors Atsuko Tanaka and Alexander Whalley for their guidance and valuable suggestions during the planning and development of this research. She also thanks the editor Nina Pavcnik, two anonymous referees, Joseph Altonji, Pamela Campa, Yu (Sonja) Chen, Eugene Choo, David Eil, Kelly Foley, Jean-William Laliberté, Karen Macours, Christine Neill, Stefan Staubli, Leslie Stratton, Scott Taylor; Trevor Tombe, and seminar participants at the 2018 Canadian Economics Association, 2021 CSWEP CeMENT Workshop, 2021 Canadian Economics Association, 2021 International Workshop on Applied Economics of Education, Hamburg University, Mount Allison University, Nazarbayev University, Umea University, University of Calgary, University of Naples Federico II, University of New Brunswick, University of Regina, and University of Saskatchewan for insightful comments that significantly improved the paper. All remaining errors are mine. A supplementary online appendix is available with this article at The World Bank Economic Review website.  \n1 Economic sanctions are trade and financial restrictions imposed against a targeted country by one or more countries. Sanctions are designed to pressure the targeted countries to change offending policies, and/or to weaken their ability to govern (Askari et al. 2001) . For the first time, the United Nations (UN) applied multistate sanctions to Southern Rhodesia in 1966 . Since that date, the Security Council has imposed 25 sanctions regimes, in South Africa, the former  \n© The Author(s) 2021 . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK.  \nAll rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [journals.permis","cbCaimPrWaPbZYm6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimPrWaPbZYm6","pdf",942072,1,36,"English","en",105,"# 1. Introduction\n## Economic sanctions and their political focus\n## Potential long-lasting effects on education\n# Abstract\n## Study design and data source\n## Key findings on schooling and college attendance\n## Education spending and heterogeneity over exposure","[{\"question\":\"How did the study measure the impact of economic sanctions on children’s education?\",\"answer\":\"It uses UN sanctions imposed on Iran in 2006, exploiting differences in sanctions strength across industries and applying difference-in-differences with synthetic control analyses.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main effects on schooling and college attendance?\",\"answer\":\"Sanctions decreased children’s total years of schooling by 0.1 years and reduced the probability of attending college by 4.8 percentage points.\"},{\"question\":\"How did households change education spending under sanctions?\",\"answer\":\"Households reduced education spending by 58%, particularly on school tuition.\"}]",1784499185,91,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"the-intergenerational-effects-of-economic-sanctions","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,53,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-intergenerational-effects-of-economic-sanctions/113042/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"How did the study measure the impact of economic sanctions on children’s education?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"It uses UN sanctions imposed on Iran in 2006, exploiting differences in sanctions strength across industries and applying difference-in-differences with synthetic control analyses.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What were the main effects on schooling and college attendance?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"Sanctions decreased children’s total years of schooling by 0.1 years and reduced the probability of attending college by 4.8 percentage points.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How did households change education spending under sanctions?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Households reduced education spending by 58%, particularly on school tuition.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,100,104,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]