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Because XEs can cross the placental barrier, prenatal exposure may also affect fetal development, warranting systematic knowledge of their biological and pathological impacts.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Exposure to Xenoestrogens on the Risk of Cancer Development  \nMartyna Gachowska 1,†, Alicja Da˛browska 1,†, Bartosz Wilczy ´nski 1,†, Jacek Ku´znicki 1,†, Natalia Sauer 2, Wojciech Szlasa 3, Christopher Kobierzycki 4, Zofia Łapi ´nska 3, * and Julita Kulbacka 3,5, *  \nCitation: Gachowska, M.; Da˛browska, A.; Wilczy ´nski, B.; Ku´znicki, J.; Sauer, N.; Szlasa, W.; Kobierzycki, C.;  \nŁapi ´nska, Z.; Kulbacka, J. The Influence of Environmental Exposure to Xenoestrogens on the Risk of Cancer Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 12363. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms252212363](10.3390/ijms252212363)  \nAcademic Editor: Efthymia Kitraki  \nReceived: 22 October 2024  \nRevised: 13 November 2024  \nAccepted: 13 November 2024  \nPublished: 18 November 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; [martyna.gachowska@student.umw.edu.pl](martyna.gachowska@student.umw.edu.pl) (M.G.); [alicja.dabrowska@student.umw.edu.pl](alicja.dabrowska@student.umw.edu.pl) (A.D.); [bartosz.wilczynski@student.umw.edu.pl](bartosz.wilczynski@student.umw.edu.pl) (B.W.); [jacek.kuznicki@student.umw.edu.pl](jacek.kuznicki@student.umw.edu.pl) (J.K.)  \n2 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; [natalia.sauer@umw.edu.pl](natalia.sauer@umw.edu.pl)  \n3 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; [wojciech.szlasa@umw.edu.pl](wojciech.szlasa@umw.edu.pl)  \n4 Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; [christopher.kobierzycki@umw.edu.pl](christopher.kobierzycki@umw.edu.pl)  \n5 Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania  \n* Correspondence: zofia.lapinska@student.umw.edu.pl (Z.Ł.); julita.kulbacka@umw.edu.pl (J.K.)† Students’ Research Club No. 148., Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.  \nAbstract: Xenoestrogens (XEs) are a group of exogenous substances that may interfere with the functioning of the endocrine system. They may mimic the function of estrogens, and their sources are plants, water or dust, plastic, chemical agents, and some drugs. Thus, people are highly exposed to their actions. Together with the development of industry, the number of XEs in our environment increases. They interact directly with estrogen receptors, disrupting the transmission of cellular signals. It is proven that XEs exhibit clinical application in e.g., menopause hormone therapy, but some studies observed that intense exposure to XEs leads to the progression of various cancers. Moreover, these substances exhibit the ability to cross the placental barrier, therefore, prenatal exposure may disturb fetus development. Due to the wide range of effects resulting from the biological activity of these substances, there is a need for this knowledge to be systematized. This review aims to comprehensively assess the environmental sources of XEs and their role in increasing cancer risk, focusing on current evidence of their biological and pathological impacts.  \nKeywords: xenoestrogens; estrogens; isoflavones; pesticides; environmental exposure  \n1. Introduction  \nThe estrogens are a large group of sex steroid hormones produced by the endocrine system, playing a significant role in both male and female organisms. In addition to controlling female reproductive function a","cbCainl3LCmD9Ue5","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainl3LCmD9Ue5","pdf",1098368,24,"English","# Introduction\n# Xenoestrogens and Environmental Exposure\n# Estrogen Receptors and Mechanisms\n# Cancer Risk and Biological Impact\n# Prenatal Exposure and Development\n# Systematizing Current Evidence","[{\"question\":\"What are xenoestrogens (XEs) and why do they matter?\",\"answer\":\"Xenoestrogens are exogenous substances that can interfere with the endocrine system by mimicking estrogens and disrupting normal signaling through estrogen receptors.\"},{\"question\":\"Where do xenoestrogens in the environment come from?\",\"answer\":\"Reported sources include plants, water or dust, plastics, chemical agents, and some drugs.\"},{\"question\":\"How do xenoestrogens relate to cancer development and fetal development?\",\"answer\":\"Intense exposure to XEs has been associated with progression of various cancers, and XEs can cross the placental barrier, so prenatal exposure may disturb fetal development.\"}]","The Influence of Environmental Exposure to Xenoestrogens on the Risk of Cancer Development - Review | PDF",1789999539]