[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-599827-105":59,"doc-detail-599827-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-incidence-and-influencing-factors-of-college-student-term-time-working-in-china","The Incidence and Influencing Factors of College Student Term-time Working in China","","A nationally representative dataset of 6,977 undergraduate students from 49 institutions is used to study the incidence and influencing factors of term-time paid work among students in four-year universities and colleges in China. The findings show 63% of undergraduates work about 23 hours per week for roughly 5.7 months during academic semesters. Work patterns vary by job forms and institution types, while non-academic ability, financial constraints, and institutional environment jointly shape participation and intensity, informing policies for financial and developmental support.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-incidence-and-influencing-factors-of-college-student-term-time-working-in-china/599827/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-incidence-and-influencing-factors-of-college-student-term-time-working-in-china/599827.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"PakDamar76","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How common is term-time working among Chinese undergraduates in the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study reports that 63% of undergraduate students work during academic semesters, averaging about 23 hours per week for about 5.7 months.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What factors influence students’ decisions to work during term time?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Non-academic ability, financial constraint, and the institutional environment jointly influence both participation and work intensity.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the study focus on four-year universities and colleges?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Three-year (vocational) colleges emphasize practical training more, so students’ experience and outcomes may differ systematically from those in four-year HEIs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599827,1792596596,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090893057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","The Incidence and Influencing Factors of College Student Term-time Working in China  \nFei Guo  \nInstitute of Education, Tsinghua University  \nAs the labor market pressure for college graduates keeps rising in the past decade, working while attending college becomes increasingly popular among undergraduate students in China. With a nationally representative dataset of  \n6,977 students from 49 institutions, this study examines the incidence and influencing factors on undergraduate student term-time working in four-year universities and colleges in China. Overall, the paper finds that: 1) 63% of undergraduate students work for about 23 hours per week in academic semesters for an average of 5.7 months in college; 2) student term-time working pattern (i.e.  \nparticipation, length, and intensity) differs across forms of work, and varies by types of institution; 3) students’ non-academic ability, financial constraint, and institutional environment jointly influence the participation and intensity of termtime working. The findings provide implications to policies regarding financial and developmental support to undergraduate students.  \nIntroduction  \nAfter 18 years of rapid expansion, the Chinese higher education system has become the largest in the world, with more than 41.4 million students in over 2,800 institutions in the year of 2015.1 Along with the enrollment expansion is the changing environment faced by college students. Before the reform of higher education in 1999, the cost of attending college was kept low through government subsidies, and college graduates were like“hotcakes” on the job market. As the expansion went on, a significant number of students from low-income families entered college. At the same time, tuition and fees charged by higher education institution (HEIs) increased significantly (Bai, 2006; Yu, 2010) . Thoughthe Chinese Ministry of Education (MoE) carried out new financial aid policies aiming at providing sufficient financial support to all low-income college students, the forms of financial aid had changed from mostly grants and scholarships to a combination of grants, scholarships, work-study compensations, and subsidized student loans (Yu, 2010) . As the number of college graduates started to increase since 2003, the job market competition kept leveling up. According to a bi-annual national survey, the first employment rate of  \n1 Source: [http://www.moe.edu.cn/s78/A03/moe_560/jytjsj_2015/2015_qg/201610/t20161011_284371.html](http://www.moe.edu.cn/s78/A03/moe_560/jytjsj_2015/2015_qg/201610/t20161011_284371.html)  \nbachelor degree holders decreased from 75.7% in the year of 2003 to 68.7% in the year of 2011(Yue, 2012) .2  \nUnder these circumstances, more and more undergraduate students actively seek work opportunities while enrolled in college. Though there are no official statistics from the MoE, this trend is documented by empirical studies in various regions in China. The percentage of students who worked during college has increased from about 20-30% in surveys conducted in 1999 (e.g., Li, 2000; Jun Li & Ma, 1999) to about 60-80% in recent datasets (e.g. Du, 2015; Ren, Guo, & Pan, 2013; B. Zhao & Qiao, 2014) . In addition, the China College Student Survey (CCSS) 2016, a national-wide survey of 38 four-year colleges and universities, shows 64% of students have working experience during academic terms. Working while enrolled in college has become a prevalent activity among Chinese undergraduate students.  \nThis raises an increasingly hot debate on the influence of student working. The proponents suggest that working provides students with both monetary compensationsand opportunities to gain practical and social experience (e.g. G. Li, Zhao, & Huang, 2007; Tang & Wang, 2007; Wang, 2000, etc.) . But the opponents argue working during academic terms reduces the time for studying, but provides little meaningful practical training because most of the jobs are low-skilled and labor-intensive ones (Chu, Y","cbCaibgIl1jA8Kwo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibgIl1jA8Kwo","pdf",893107,26,"English","# Introduction\n## Higher education expansion and changing student conditions\n## Debate on whether term-time working helps or harms students\n## Research questions and analytical approach\n## Definition and scope of term-time working","[{\"question\":\"How common is term-time working among Chinese undergraduates in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study reports that 63% of undergraduate students work during academic semesters, averaging about 23 hours per week for about 5.7 months.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors influence students’ decisions to work during term time?\",\"answer\":\"Non-academic ability, financial constraint, and the institutional environment jointly influence both participation and work intensity.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the study focus on four-year universities and colleges?\",\"answer\":\"Three-year (vocational) colleges emphasize practical training more, so students’ experience and outcomes may differ systematically from those in four-year HEIs.\"}]","The Incidence and Influencing Factors of College Student Term-time Working in China | PDF",1792089517,66]