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It reviews technology and resulting outcomes across mining, mineral processing, metallurgy, and supporting assets. The study finds post-privatization improvements, including deeper trackless mechanised underground mining, larger dump trucks in open pits, and modern environmentally friendly concentrators and smelters. Overall production, ROCE, gross margins, and capital investment increased substantially, indicating stronger performance from 2000–2010.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-technology-changes-on-production-and-performance-of-konkola-copper-mines-zambia-before-and-after-privatization-paper/229040/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-impact-of-technology-changes-on-production-and-performance-of-konkola-copper-mines-zambia-before-and-after-privatization-paper/229040.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What time period and company does the study focus on?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study covers 1991–2010 and focuses on Konkola Copper Mines plc (KCM) in Zambia’s copper mining sector.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which technological areas does the paper examine?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It reviews technology inputs across KCM’s mining operations (underground and open pits) and processing and metallurgy, including concentrators, smelting, acid plants, and refining complexes.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What evidence does the study present for improved performance after privatization?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"It reports increases in ore production, ROCE, gross profit margin, and capital investment, alongside concrete technology changes such as deeper mechanised underground mining and upgraded processing facilities.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},229040,1789035133,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","M. G. Simubali andP.R.K. Chileshe  \nThe impact of technology changes on production and performance ofKonkola Copper Mines, Zambia, before and after privatization  \nM. G. Simubali andP.R.K. Chileshe  \nCopperbelt University, Zambia  \nThe paper evaluates the impact of technology used before and after privatization (1991– 2010) of the copper mining sector in Zambia, in particular Konkola Copper Mines plc (KCM) . The paper reviews the technology inputs and the resultant operational and financial performance of KCM’s assets before and after the privatization. KCM was a joint venture private company run by the Government of Zambia, Anglo American Corporation plc (AAC), and the Commonwealth Development Company (CDC), which took over from the parastatal Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd (ZCCM) in 2000. In November 2004,  \nVedanta Resources of India took over KCM as majority shareholder.  \nThe operations include underground mining and open pits as well as concentrators, smelting, acid plants, and metallurgical refining complexes. The study found that since privatization, underground mines have deepened and increased in trackless mechanisation. In the open pits, smaller dump trucks have given way to larger dump trucks. For mineral processing and metallurgy, new environmentally-friendly state-of-the-art concentrators and smelters have been built. Substantial changes in human resource organization are noted but not studied.  \nThe operational and financial performance of KCM, due primarily to changes in technology after privatization, have improved:  \n• Annual production of ore has increased by over 25%  \n• The annual return on capital employed has risen from an annual average of 15% before privatization to 41%  \n• The annual gross profit margin has increased from 5% before privatization to 15% after privatization  \n• The annual capital investment in the operations at KCM has risen by 89% .  \nThe study concludes that there is sufficient evidence that KCM has performed better in the post-privatization period 2000 to 2010, due to substantial investment in technology and capital.  \nKeywords: Zambia, KCM, Konkola, copper, privatisation, technology, ROCE.  \nIntroduction  \nRecent years have seen a move away from state ownership towards more reliance on private markets to supply goods and services, including goods and services traditionally supplied by the state, such as telecommunications, water, electricity, and mining activities (Blundell and Robinson, 2000) .  \nSimubali (2012) sought to evaluate the type and impact of technology used before and after privatization in 2000 on the copper mining sector in Zambia, in particular Konkola Copper Mines plc (KCM), in terms of the associated operational and financial performance. This was to answer the frequently asked question in the industry and in the whole of Zambia alike: has foreign direct investment (FDI) in KCM, since privatization, been credible and produced worthwhile results?  \nIn April 2000 the Nchanga, Konkola, and Nampundwe mines that were previously owned by Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited (a Government majority-owned company) were privatized and transferred to KCM, which was formed by the Government of Zambia, Anglo American Corporation, and the Commonwealth Development Company, as well as a small number of public investors. At the time of privatization, KCM’s fully integrated copper operations included a number of open pit mines, large underground mines, concentrators, and a tailings leach plant at Nchangamine. At Konkola, a large underground mine was operated with two shafts and a concentrator on site. The underground  \nBase Metals Conference 2013  \nmine and concentrator at Nampundwe near Lusaka produced pyrite concentrate for use in the smelters. At Nkana in Kitwe, KCM operated a smelter, a refinery, and an acid plant, which serviced the whole group. Since privatization, substantial technological investments in all KCM mining and metallurgical functions have taken place, c","cbCaivvRKJEYTeLe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivvRKJEYTeLe","pdf",1585115,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Privatization context in Zambia’s copper sector\n## Scope and research motivation\n# Statement of the problem\n# Research objectives and proposition\n# Findings on operational and financial performance\n## Mining technology changes\n## Mineral processing and metallurgical upgrades\n## Performance indicators after privatization","[{\"question\":\"What time period and company does the study focus on?\",\"answer\":\"The study covers 1991–2010 and focuses on Konkola Copper Mines plc (KCM) in Zambia’s copper mining sector.\"},{\"question\":\"Which technological areas does the paper examine?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews technology inputs across KCM’s mining operations (underground and open pits) and processing and metallurgy, including concentrators, smelting, acid plants, and refining complexes.\"},{\"question\":\"What evidence does the study present for improved performance after privatization?\",\"answer\":\"It reports increases in ore production, ROCE, gross profit margin, and capital investment, alongside concrete technology changes such as deeper mechanised underground mining and upgraded processing facilities.\"}]","The impact of technology changes on production and performance of Konkola Copper Mines, Zambia, before and after privatization - Paper | PDF",35]