[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-125771-en":3,"doc-seo-125771-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},125771,4810365810221,"Aurora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","The Impact of R&D Expenditures on Economic Growth in Türkiye - New Evidence from Machine Learning Method","The study examines how R&D expenditures affect economic growth in Türkiye using annual time-series data from 1990 to 2021. World Bank variables include R&D spending, GDP per capita, gross fixed capital formation, labor force, and tertiary enrollment ratio. Machine-learning estimation is conducted with the Kernel Regularized Least Square (KRLS) method. Results indicate that higher R&D investment significantly raises economic growth, while labor force participation, tertiary enrollment, and fixed capital formation show positive and significant associations.","The Impact of R&D Expenditures on Economic Growth in Türkiye: New Evidence from Machine Learning Method  \nYasin Acar 1 , İbrahim Kesici1   \nABSTRACT  \nPurpose: This study analyzes the impacts of R&D expenditures on economic growth in Türkiye.  \nMethodology: In this study, we explore the impact of R&D expenditure on economic growth in Türkiye. Annual time series from 1990 to 2021 are considered for this research examination based on the data availability. R&D expenditure, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, gross fixed capital formation, labor force, and tertiary ratio variables are used for the analysis and obtained from the World Bank. Based on machine learning, analyses were conducted using the Kernel Regularized Least Square method. Findings: The empirical analysis using KRLS shows that higher spending on research and development leads to a significant boost in economic growth. Furthermore, labor force participation, school enrolment (tertiary) ratio, and gross fixed capital formation are all significantly and positively associated with economic growth in Türkiye.  \nOriginality: The contribution of the paper is twofold: (1) it provides new scientific evidence based on the machine learning econometric method, the Kernel Regularized Least Square (KRLS); (2) many papers in the literature have only examined the relationship between R&D expenditures and economic growth, without controlling for other variables. We have used possible control variables such as labor force participation rate, school enrolment (tertiary) ratio, and gross fixed capital formation, which are also linked to economic growth models.  \nKeywords: Productivity, KRLS method, Research and Development, Economic Growth, Innovation.  \nJEL Codes: O47, O32, O38 .  \nTürkiye'de Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Makine Öğrenmesi Yönteminden Yeni Kanıtlar  \nÖZET  \nAmaç : Bu çalışma, Türkiye'de Ar-Ge harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini analizetmektedir.  \nYöntem: Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de Ar-Ge harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Veri mevcudiyetine bağlı olarak bu araştırmada 1990'dan 2021'e kadar olan yıllık zaman serileri kullanılmıştır. Ar-Ge harcaması, kişi başına Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYH), gayri safi sabitsermaye oluşumu, işgücü ve okula kayıt (yükseköğretim) oranı değişkenleri Dünya Bankası'ndan teminedilmiştir. Makine öğrenimine dayalı olarak, analizler Kernel Düzenlenmiş En Küçük Kare yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.  \nBulgular: KRLS kullanılarak yapılan ampirik analiz, araştırma ve geliştirmeye yapılan daha yüksekharcamaların ekonomik büyümede önemli bir artışa yol açtığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca, işgücüne katılım, okula kayıt (yükseköğretim) oranı ve gayrisafi sabit sermaye oluşumu Türkiye'deki ekonomik büyüme ileanlamlı ve pozitif bir şekilde ilişkilidir.  \nÖzgünlük: Bu makalenin katkısı iki yönlüdür: (1) makine öğrenimi ekonometrik yöntemi olan Kernel Düzenlenmiş En Küçük Kare (KRLS) yöntemine dayalı yeni bilimsel kanıtlar sunmaktadır; (2) literatürdeki birçok makale, diğer değişkenleri kontrol etmeden sadece Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemiştir. Bu çalışmada, ekonomik büyüme modelleriyle bağlantılı olan işgücüne katılım oranı, okullaşma (yükseköğretim) oranı ve gayrisafi sabit sermaye oluşumu gibi olası kontroldeğişkenleri de analizde kullanılmıştır.  \nAnahtar Kelimeler: Verimlilik, KRLS yöntemi, Araştırma ve Geliştirme, Ekonomik Büyüme, İnovasyon.  \nJEL Kodları: O47, O32, O38 .  \n1 Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance, Bilecik, Türkiye  \nCorresponding Author: Yasin Acar, [yasin.acar@bilecik.edu.tr](yasin.acar@bilecik.edu.tr)[ ](yasin.acar@bilecik.edu.tr)[DOI](DOI: 10.51551/verimlilik.1344757)[: 10.51551/verimlilik.1344757](DOI: 10.51551/verimlilik.1344757)  \nResearch Article | Submitted: 17.08.2023 |Accepted: 07.12.2023  \nCite: Acar, Y. ve Kesici, İ . (2024) . 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New Evidence from Machine Learning Method | PDF",1785901120,30,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-impact-of-rd-expenditures-on-economic-growth-in-turkiye-new-evidence-from-machine-learning-method","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-rd-expenditures-on-economic-growth-in-turkiye-new-evidence-from-machine-learning-method/125771/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is the main purpose of the study?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study analyzes the impacts of R&D expenditures on economic growth in Türkiye using machine-learning econometric evidence.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What methodology and data are used for the analysis?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It uses annual time-series data from 1990 to 2021 with World Bank variables, and applies the Kernel Regularized Least Square (KRLS) method.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Which factors are found to be positively associated with economic growth?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Labor force participation, tertiary school enrollment ratio, and gross fixed capital formation are all significantly and positively associated with economic growth in Türkiye.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":121},"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]