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Using a regression discontinuity design (RDD), it estimates effects on student attendance with a forcing variable based on 2016–2017 attendance rates and a 0.90 threshold (missing 10% of days). Results show small, non-significant overall effects between Fall 2016 and Fall 2017, but a substantively important impact for middle school students; full-year attendance effects were not significant.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-nudge-letters-on-improving-attendance-in-an-urban-district/601257/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-impact-of-nudge-letters-on-improving-attendance-in-an-urban-district/601257.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"LangkahRina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main intervention studied in the urban district?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study evaluates a “nudge letter” to parents intervention designed to reduce chronic absenteeism among students.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the study estimate the intervention’s impact?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It uses a regression discontinuity design (RDD) with a forcing variable based on 2016–2017 attendance rates and a threshold attendance rate of 0.90.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key findings about attendance improvements?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Overall effects on attendance change between Fall 2016 and Fall 2017 were small and non-significant, while the effect for middle school students was substantively important by What Works Clearinghouse standards; the full-year attendance effect was not significant.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601257,1792681736,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090893776,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","The Impact of Nudge Letters on Improving Attendance in an Urban District  \nEducation and Urban Society 2022, Vol. 54(2) 164–185 © The Author(s) 2021 Article reuse guidelines:  \n[sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[DOI: 10.1177/00131245211004561](DOI: 10.1177/00131245211004561)[ ](DOI: 10.1177/00131245211004561)[journals.sagepub.com/home/eus](journals.sagepub.com/home/eus)  \nMartha Abele Mac Iver 1, Kellie Wills2, Anna Cruz3, and Douglas J. Mac Iver 1  \nAbstract  \nThis study evaluates a “nudge letter” to parents intervention designed to reduce chronic absenteeism among students in one urban district. Using a regression discontinuity design (RDD), it estimates the impact of the intervention on improving student attendance. The forcing variable for the RDD was 2016–2017 attendance rate, with a “threshold” of a 0.90 attendance rate (missing 10% of days). Analyses established demographic equivalence of students in the 0.88 to 0.92 baseline attendance bandwidth. Although the overall impact of the intervention on attendance change between Fall 2016 and Fall 2017 (first-quarter attendance) was small and non-significant (ES 0.09, p = .20), the effect size for middle school students (0.34, p = .044) was“substantively important” by What Works Clearinghouse standards. The effect of the intervention on the full year’s attendance rate was not significant.  \nKeywords  \nchronic absence, attendance, family engagement  \n1Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 2University of Washington and Seattle Public Schools, USA 3Seattle Public Schools, WA, USA  \nCorresponding Author:  \nMartha Abele Mac Iver, School of Education, Johns Hopkins University, 2800 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.  \n[Email: mmaciver@jhu.edu](Email: mmaciver@jhu.edu)  \nCommon sense suggests that learning growth should be positively related to exposure to learning opportunities. For many if not most students, particularly among those whose out-of-school learning opportunities are more limited, this means that school attendance rates should be good predictors of achievement. It is only in the past decade or so, however, that researchers have paid much attention to this important relationship (e.g., Balfanz & Byrnes, 2012, 2013; Chang & Romero, 2008) . Policy organizations such as Attendance Works have garnered national attention and mobilized education policymakers on this issue over the past decade. Recent estimates indicate that 15% of students nationwide are chronically absent (miss more than 10% of school days), and that the percentage is much higher in many states and districts (Chang et al., 2018) . Chronic absence is a particular problem in many urban districts that serve large populations of low income students (Balfanz & Byrnes, 2018) . Policy briefs from the Education Commission of the States emphasize that chronic absenteeism is a key indicator of student success (e.g., Rafa, 2017) . In response to the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015, which requires states to submit plans that include a measure of student success or school quality, three-quarters of the states now use a measure of chronic absenteeism among other measures in their accountability or improvement systems (Kostyo et al., 2018) .  \nNumerous studies have reported a positive association between school attendance rates and academic achievement (Ansari & Purtell, 2018; Chang & Romero, 2008; Fitzpatrick et al., 2011; Fuhs et al., 2018; Gershenson et al., 2017), high school graduation (Allensworth & Easton, 2007; Balfanz et al., 2007; Mac Iver & Messel, 2013; Neild & Balfanz, 2006a, 2006b), and success in college (e.g., Credé et al., 2010) . Evidence of a causal effect of school attendance on achievement has been much more difficult to obtain. It is not generally possible to randomize attendance levels in a meaningful way (beyond short term laboratory experiments on learning specific tasks or content material) . It is possible,","cbCaik3p4dQfKITo","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik3p4dQfKITo","pdf",510859,22,"English","# Abstract\n## Study design and forcing variable\n## Threshold and baseline bandwidth\n## Overall and subgroup effects","[{\"question\":\"What is the main intervention studied in the urban district?\",\"answer\":\"The study evaluates a “nudge letter” to parents intervention designed to reduce chronic absenteeism among students.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study estimate the intervention’s impact?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a regression discontinuity design (RDD) with a forcing variable based on 2016–2017 attendance rates and a threshold attendance rate of 0.90.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings about attendance improvements?\",\"answer\":\"Overall effects on attendance change between Fall 2016 and Fall 2017 were small and non-significant, while the effect for middle school students was substantively important by What Works Clearinghouse standards; the full-year attendance effect was not significant.\"}]","The Impact of Nudge Letters on Improving Attendance in an Urban District | PDF",1792092275,55]