[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-56447-en":3,"doc-seo-56447-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},56447,1099514067415,"Rowan","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502",7,"Healthcare","The Impact of Neighbours and Neighbourhoods on Major Depressive Disorders in Adults","Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) remains a major global health concern, while the contribution of social interactions between individual neighbours and neighbourhood characteristics is still insufficiently understood. The study uses linear-in-means models and spatial econometric techniques to test how peer, contextual, and correlated interaction types relate to adult MDD. Data from 19,700 participants in the Lifelines Cohort Study and neighbourhood statistics identify contextual and correlated effects as the most influential. A two-step regression model addresses zero outcomes, supporting targeted public health interventions.","J Urban Health (2026) 103:370–381  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-025-01055-x](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-025-01055-x)  \nThe Impact of Neighbours and Neighbourhoods on Major Depressive Disorders in Adults  \nAnna Tort‑Carrera · J. Paul Elhorst ·  \nGovert E. Bijwaard  \nPublished online: 10 February 2026  \n© The Author(s) 2026  \nAbstract Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a significant global health concern, yet the influence of social interactions among individual neighbours, in addition to neighbourhood characteristics, remains underexplored. This study applies linear-in-means models and spatial econometric techniques to examine whether and which social interactions influence MDD among adults. The data used relate to two repeated cross-sections of 19,700 individuals aged 23 to 65 years collected via the MINI neuropsychiatric interview in two waves of the Lifelines Cohort Study in Northern Netherlands, supplemented with neighbourhood-level information from Statistics Netherlands. Three types of social interactions—peer, contextual, and correlated—are assessed, with Bayesian comparison tests identifying contextual and correlated effects as the most influential. Subsequently, a two-step regression model is employed to address the  \nSupplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at [https://doi](https://doi). org/10.1007/s11524-025-01055-x.  \nA. Tort-Carrera (*) · G. E. Bijwaard  \nNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI)–Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences (KNAW), The Hague, The Netherlands  \ne-mail: [a.tort.carrera@rug.nl](a.tort.carrera@rug.nl); [tortcarrera@nidi.nl](tortcarrera@nidi.nl)  \n[A. Tort-Carrera](A. Tort-Carrera) · J. P. Elhorst · G. E. Bijwaard Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen (RUG), Groningen, The Netherlands  \nhigh prevalence of zero outcomes. The results highlight the influence of contextual and correlated effects among individual neighbours, in addition to individual and neighbourhood characteristics. These findings emphasise the need for further research into social interactions on MDD and support for public health interventions that take them into account.  \nKeywords MDD · Social interaction effects · Linear-in-means model · Lifelines  \nIntroduction  \nMajor Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a significant public health concern with increasing global prevalence [1] . It is characterised by a persistently low mood for most of the day, along with a loss of interest in nearly all activities [2] . MDD has been linked to economic losses in human capital, higher healthcare costs, various mental and physical health conditions, poor quality of life, and even premature mortality [1, 3] .  \nResearch on the determinants of MDD shows that its susceptibility and prevalence are shaped by cognitive and biological factors [4] . MDD also exhibits a social gradient where females, ethnic/racial minority groups and individuals with lower education or Socio-Economic Status (SES) face not only a higher risk of developing MDD but also experience more severe consequences [5, 6]. A key factor in this social  \ngradient are neighbourhood effects, which can either amplify or mitigate the risk of MDD, depending on the social context to which individuals are exposed [7, 8] . For instance, lower SES groups often face greater exposure to adverse neighbourhood conditions, including limited medical resources and greater exposure to stressors, all of which contribute to higher MDD prevalence [9] . Although there is growing evidence on the role of the neighbourhood, the mechanisms underlying these associations continue to raise questions, particularly how the same neighbourhood effects affect different population groups in different ways [10] .  \nThis lack of clarity has led to a turning point in the neighbourhood effects literature, with increasing calls to move beyond broad associations and towards identifying the mechanisms that underpin these effects [11, 12] ","cbCaidRa7X8EmFOl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidRa7X8EmFOl","pdf",677619,3,1,12,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Social Interactions","[{\"question\":\"What research question does the study address about MDD?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines whether and which social interactions among individual neighbours, beyond neighbourhood characteristics, influence Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) among adults.\"},{\"question\":\"How is social interaction categorized in the paper?\",\"answer\":\"Social interactions are categorized into peer effects, contextual effects, and correlated effects, representing how nearby neighbours’ mental health relates to an individual’s MDD.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the study’s main empirical findings?\",\"answer\":\"Bayesian comparison tests indicate that contextual and correlated effects are the most influential. A two-step regression model is then used to account for zero outcomes, reinforcing the importance of these interaction effects alongside individual and neighbourhood factors.\"}]",1783892818,30,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-impact-of-neighbours-and-neighbourhoods-on-major-depressive-disorders-in-adults","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-neighbours-and-neighbourhoods-on-major-depressive-disorders-in-adults/56447/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-21","2026-07-12",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What research question does the study address about MDD?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study examines whether and which social interactions among individual neighbours, beyond neighbourhood characteristics, influence Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) among adults.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How is social interaction categorized in the paper?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Social interactions are categorized into peer effects, contextual effects, and correlated effects, representing how nearby neighbours’ mental health relates to an individual’s MDD.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What are the study’s main empirical findings?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Bayesian comparison tests indicate that contextual and correlated effects are the most influential. A two-step regression model is then used to account for zero outcomes, reinforcing the importance of these interaction effects alongside individual and neighbourhood factors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,118,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":121},8,"Research & Report","research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]