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It also analyzes job access and whether graduates are employed in CLM occupations that use college-developed competencies, highlighting how skill gaps and misemployment can erase the degree-linked earnings premium.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-human-capital-in-the-american-labor-market-series-skills-and-the-earnings-of-college-graduates/583524/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-impact-of-human-capital-in-the-american-labor-market-series-skills-and-the-earnings-of-college-graduates/583524.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Jacob","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How do literacy and numeracy skills affect earnings for college graduates?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The report finds that strong and consistent gains in earnings occur at every education level for individuals with higher literacy and numeracy proficiencies. 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Graduates  \nNeeta Fogg, Paul Harrington, and Ishwar Khatiwada Center for Labor Markets and Policy Drexel University  \nTable of Contents  \nPreface ........................................................................ 1  \nAcknowledgments ..............................................4  \nExecutive Summary ...................................................5  \nIntroduction ................................................................8  \nA Word about the Data ...........................................12  \nEducational Characteristics of Employed College Graduates ...................................................13  \nDegree Level .....................................................13  \nMajor Field of Study .........................................13  \nCharacteristics of the Jobs of Employed College Graduates ...................................................15  \nAccess to Employment in CLM Occupations.15 Intensity of Employment: Weekly Hours of Work and Full-Time Employment ..............18  \nLiteracy and Numeracy Proficiencies of College Graduates ...................................................21  \nScores ................................................................21  \nLevels .................................................................24  \nMean Earnings of Employed College Graduates ...................................................28  \nGender ...............................................................28  \nDegree and Major Field of Study....................29  \nLiteracy and Numeracy Proficiencies.............30  \nAccess to College Labor Market Occupations ......................................................31  \nMultivariate Regression Analysis of Earnings ....................................................................35  \nEffects of Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencieson Earnings .......................................................36  \nEffects of Key Variables on Employed College Graduates on Earnings ....................................41  \nSummary and Conclusion.......................................49  \nAppendices ...............................................................55  \nThis report was written by:  \nNeeta Fogg Paul Harrington Ishwar Khatiwada  \nThe views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the officers and trustees of Educational Testing Service.  \nCopyright ©2019 Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.  \nETS, the ETS logo, and MEASURING THE POWER OF LEARNING are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) . All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.  \nMarch 2019 ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education Research and Development Educational Testing Service Rosedale Road Princeton, NJ 08541-0001  \nPreface  \nIn the first report of a series on the impact of human capital investments in the U.S. labor market, authors Neeta Fogg, Paul Harrington, and Ishwar Khatiwada dove into large-scale assessment data on educational attainment and cognitive skills of the fulltime labor force. One of their most critical findings in Skills and Earnings in the Full-Time Labor Market was that for American workers of prime age (ages 25 to 54) with full-time jobs, the payoff to a college education on average occurs only for those with at least abachelor's degree. For millions who completed less than a bachelor's degree education and were employed in full-time jobs, there was no statistically significant earnings advantage at all.  \nBut that wasn't all these labor economists from Drexel University's Center for Labor Markets and Policy found in their report. Commissioned by the ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education, this report provided analyses of data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and showed that in addition to a college d","cbCaimvZPANt3WQm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimvZPANt3WQm","pdf",4784442,104,"English","# Preface\n# Executive Summary\n# Introduction\n# A Word about the Data\n# Educational Characteristics of Employed College Graduates\n# Characteristics of the Jobs of Employed College Graduates\n# Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencies of College Graduates\n# Mean Earnings of Employed College Graduates\n# Access to College Labor Market Occupations\n# Multivariate Regression Analysis of Earnings\n# Summary and Conclusion\n# Appendices","[{\"question\":\"How do literacy and numeracy skills affect earnings for college graduates?\",\"answer\":\"The report finds that strong and consistent gains in earnings occur at every education level for individuals with higher literacy and numeracy proficiencies. Graduates with lower skill levels miss part of the earnings premium associated with education.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the report say about the role of having a bachelor’s degree?\",\"answer\":\"For prime-age workers with full-time jobs, the payoff to a college education occurs on average only for those with at least a bachelor’s degree. For those with less than a bachelor’s degree, no statistically significant earnings advantage is observed.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does employment in college labor market (CLM) occupations matter?\",\"answer\":\"Earnings premiums are tied to access to CLM occupations that utilize college-developed skills and abilities. Those who are mal-employed in jobs that do not require these competencies receive no premium and can earn no more than the average high school graduate.\"}]","The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market - Series Skills and the Earnings of College Graduates | PDF",1792047536,262]