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The study compares educational attainment, cognitive skills (literacy and numeracy), and work experience, combining descriptive analysis with multivariate regression results. Findings show higher education typically improves employment and earnings, but benefits vary by credential level. Stronger and more consistent gains appear as literacy and numeracy increase across education groups, suggesting cognitive skills drive a substantial share of the wage premium.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-human-capital-in-the-american-labor-market-series-skills-and-earningsin-the-full-time-labor-market-policy-report/583505/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-impact-of-human-capital-in-the-american-labor-market-series-skills-and-earningsin-the-full-time-labor-market-policy-report/583505.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jacob","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-06","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What dataset does the report use to analyze human capital and labor market outcomes?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The report uses data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to study relationships between human capital and opportunity in the U.S. labor market.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does educational attainment relate to earnings outcomes in the findings?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Higher educational attainment largely translates to improved employment and earnings outcomes, but the advantages are not uniform across all education levels. The report notes limited or no earnings advantages for postsecondary certificates and for some non-credential college attendance.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which skills show consistent effects on earnings across education levels?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The report finds consistent and strong gains associated with individuals’ literacy and numeracy skill levels, with earnings increasing with higher literacy and numeracy at every education level.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},583505,1792062525,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series  \nSkills and Earningsin the Full-Time Labor Market  \nNeeta Fogg, Paul Harrington, and Ishwar Khatiwada Center for Labor Markets and Policy Drexel University  \nTable of Contents  \nPreface ....................................................................................... 1  \nAcknowledgments .............................................................. 3  \nNote to Reader ....................................................................4  \nExecutive Summary ................................................................... 5  \nIntroduction ............................................................................... 8  \nA Word about the Data ........................................................... 11  \nDescriptive Analysis of Earnings: Mean Monthly Earnings by Proficiencies, Education, and Demographic Traits of Workers .................................................................................... 12  \nLiteracy and Numeracy Proficiencies of Workers.......... 12  \nEducational Attainment and Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencies .......................................................................20  \nEducation and Earnings ...................................................25  \nEducational Attainment and Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencies and Earnings ...............................................28  \nMultivariate Regression Analysis of Earning ........................32  \nThe Effects of Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencies on Earnings Implications ........................................................33  \nEffects of Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencies, Educational Attainment, and Other Explanatory Variables on Earnings .......................................................43  \nHuman Capital Traits of Worker ................................43  \nJob Traits: Characteristics of the Jobs of Workers ...46  \nEmployment-Related Traits of Workers ...................48  \nDemographic Traits of Workers ............................... 50  \nSome Implications of the Findings ............................ 53  \nThis report was written by:  \nNeeta Fogg Paul Harrington Ishwar Khatiwada  \nThe views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the officers and trustees of Educational Testing Service.  \nCopyright © 2018  \nEducational Testing Service. All rights reserved.  \nETS, the ETS logo, and MEASURING THE POWER OF LEARNING are registered trademarks of Educational Testing Service (ETS) . All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.  \nSeptember 2018  \nETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education  \nResearch and Development Educational Testing Service Rosedale Road  \nPrinceton, NJ 08541-0001  \nPreface  \nThis paper is the first in a series of policy reports dealing with the impact of human capital investments on the U.S. labor market. It is part of a larger series of papers from the ETS Center for Research on Human Capital and Education that uses data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to better understand the relationship between human capital and opportunity in America today.  \nNeeta Fogg, Paul Harrington, and Ishwar Khatiwada, labor economists from Drexel University's Center for Labor Markets and Policy, dive deep into the rich data of PIAAC to examine three measures of human capital: educational attainment, cognitive skills, and work experience of primeage (25 to 54 years old), full-time employed workers in the United States. Through detailed descriptive data and a host of multivariate regressions, the authors report the impact on earnings across each component of human capital. What they reveal is a complex and multifaceted story, one where the earning gains from additional levels of education can be large, but are not universally shared.  \nA central theme in this paper is that higher educational attainment largely translates to improved e","cbCairrvKdvtGi8P","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairrvKdvtGi8P","pdf",4085763,64,"English","# Table of Contents\n## Preface\n## A Word about the Data\n## Descriptive Analysis of Earnings: Mean Monthly Earnings by Proficiencies, Education, and Demographic Traits of Workers\n## Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencies of Workers\n## Educational Attainment and Literacy and Numeracy Proficiencies\n## Education and Earnings\n## Multivariate Regression Analysis of Earning\n## Some Implications of the Findings","[{\"question\":\"What dataset does the report use to analyze human capital and labor market outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"The report uses data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) to study relationships between human capital and opportunity in the U.S. labor market.\"},{\"question\":\"How does educational attainment relate to earnings outcomes in the findings?\",\"answer\":\"Higher educational attainment largely translates to improved employment and earnings outcomes, but the advantages are not uniform across all education levels. The report notes limited or no earnings advantages for postsecondary certificates and for some non-credential college attendance.\"},{\"question\":\"Which skills show consistent effects on earnings across education levels?\",\"answer\":\"The report finds consistent and strong gains associated with individuals’ literacy and numeracy skill levels, with earnings increasing with higher literacy and numeracy at every education level.\"}]","The Impact of Human Capital in the American Labor Market Series - Skills and Earningsin the Full-Time Labor Market - Policy report | PDF",1792047471,161]