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The study examines how different retirement pathways affect cognitive function, mental health, and physical well-being in older adults using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) waves 1 to 10. Instrumental variable models with individual and time fixed effects use state pension age, early retirement, and state pension receipt as instruments. Findings show general cognitive, mental, and functional declines after retirement, while semi-retirement improves memory, mental health, and daily physical well-being, and full retirement reduces cognitive function and mental health.",{"@graph":69,"@context":114},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-different-retirement-pathways-on-cognitive-and-physical-health-among-older-people-in-england-research-findings-and-policy-implications/428725/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-impact-of-different-retirement-pathways-on-cognitive-and-physical-health-among-older-people-in-england-research-findings-and-policy-implications/428725.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blue Pony","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What distinguishes semi-retired individuals from fully retired individuals?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Semi-retired individuals—particularly those who change employers after reaching retirement—show better memory, mental health, and physical well-being than those who remain fully employed or stay with the same employer, while full retirement is linked to declines in cognitive function and mental health.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":116,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":118,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":120,"site_id":62},428725,1791180414,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":123},{"doc_id":120,"user_id":124,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":125,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":126,"file_id":127,"file_url":128,"file_type":129,"file_size":130,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":131,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":132,"faqs":133,"seo_title":134,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":135,"read_time":24,"preview_page_count":4},962090760266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","394 Innovation in Aging, 2025, Vol. 9, No. S2  \nAbstract citation ID: igaf122.1341  \nTHE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT RETIREMENT PATHWAYS ON COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL HEALTH AMONG OLDER PEOPLE IN ENGLAND  \nWei Yang, King’s College London, London, England, United Kingdom  \nUnderstanding the health implications of retirement is essential for policymaking and aging research. This study explores  \nInnovation in Aging, 2025, Vol. 9, No. S2 395  \nhow different retirement pathways impact cognitive function, mental health, and physical well-being among older adults, drawing on data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) wave 1 to wave 10. We apply instrumental variable models with fixed individual and time effects, using state pension age, early retirement, and state pension receipt as instruments. Our findings indicate that retirement generally has a negative impact on cognitive abilities (particularly memory), mental health, and physical functioning in daily life. However, semi-retired individuals—especially those who change employers after reaching retirement—experience better memory, mental health, and physical well-being compared to those who remain fully employed or stay with the same employer. Conversely, full retirement is associated with declines in cognitive function (orientation and memory) and mental health, while having no significant effect on physical health. These results underscore the importance of gradual retirement pathways, enabling older adults to remain engaged in work while mitigating the potential adverse health effects of full retirement.","cbCaimG9n2PBVgej","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimG9n2PBVgej","pdf",746051,"English","# Abstract\n## Research design and data\n## Key findings\n## Policy and aging implications","[{\"question\":\"What distinguishes semi-retired individuals from fully retired individuals?\",\"answer\":\"Semi-retired individuals—particularly those who change employers after reaching retirement—show better memory, mental health, and physical well-being than those who remain fully employed or stay with the same employer, while full retirement is linked to declines in cognitive function and mental health.\"}]","THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT RETIREMENT PATHWAYS ON COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL HEALTH AMONG OLDER PEOPLE IN ENGLAND - Research findings and policy implications | PDF",1790647472]