[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-440289-105":59,"doc-detail-440289-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-impact-of-cold-application-on-pain-reduction-in-adult-patients-receiving-intramuscular-injections-a-systematic-review","The Impact of Cold Application on Pain Reduction in Adult Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections - A Systematic Review","","Aim: Systematically review the literature on the effect of cold application in reducing localized pain in adult patients receiving intramuscular injections. Methods: A systematic review of 216 studies published between 2014 and 2024 was conducted; relevant databases included PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Ulakbim, and Cochrane, with nine studies meeting inclusion criteria, guided by PRISMA and PICO. Results: Nine articles (five randomized controlled trials, four quasi-experimental) involved adults aged 18–60; cold spray and cold/ice approaches were used. Conclusion: Cold application is an effective nursing intervention for pain reduction, though further high-quality large-scale studies are recommended.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-impact-of-cold-application-on-pain-reduction-in-adult-patients-receiving-intramuscular-injections-a-systematic-review/440289/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-impact-of-cold-application-on-pain-reduction-in-adult-patients-receiving-intramuscular-injections-a-systematic-review/440289.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"pop out","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of this systematic review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To systematically review evidence on whether cold application reduces localized pain in adult patients receiving intramuscular injections.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How many studies were included and what study designs were used?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Nine studies met the inclusion criteria: five randomized controlled trials and four quasi-experimental studies.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which cold application methods were used in the included studies?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review reports that five studies used cold spray, while four used cold/ice application.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},440289,1790814111,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},962090760408,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","FNJN    \nFlorence Nightingale Journal of Nursing  \nSystematic Review  \nDOI: 10. 5152/FNJN.2025.25023  \nThe Impact of Cold Application on Pain Reduction in Adult Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections: A Systematic Review  \nHanife Durgun1, Fatma Aksoy Şirin1, Berna Köktürk Dalcalı2  \n1Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Ordu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Ordu, Türkiye  \n2Department of Nursing, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Faculty of Health Sciences, Balıkesir, Türkiye  \nCite this article as: Durgun, H., Şirin, F. A., & Dalcalı, B. K. (2025) . The impact of cold application on pain reduction in adult patients receiving intramuscular injections: A  \nsystematic review. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 33, 0023, doi:10 . 5152/FNJN.2025.25023.  \nWhat is already known on this topic?  \n• It is common for adult patients to experience pain during intramuscular injections.  \n• Oneof the nursing interventions aimed at reducing this pain is cold applications.  \n• Various studies have indicated that cold applications have a pain-reducing effect; however, there are different results in the literature about the extent to which these effects are effective and whether they differ according to the application methods.  \nWhat this study adds on this topic?  \n• This systematic review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive body of evidence on the effectiveness of cold applications used in reducing pain during intramuscular injection applications.  \n• The study describes the comparative effects and methods of different cold application methods.  \n• The findings obtained support the evidence-based view that cold applications are an effective and applicable intervention in pain management in nursing practices.  \nAbstract  \nAIM: The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature on the effect of cold application in reducing localized pain in adult patients receiving intramuscular injections.  \nMETHODS: The study is a systematic review. A total of 216 studies published between 2014 and 2024 were reviewed. Relevant research was sourced from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Ulakbim, and Cochrane, with nine studies meeting the inclusion criteria being systematically reviewed. The study protocol and article preparation followed the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” statement and “Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study Design” model. Keywords such as “intramuscular injection,” “pain,” “local cold application,”“cold application,”“cold compress,” and “adult patient” were used in various combinations in both English and Turkish.  \nRESULTS: This study included nine articles that met the inclusion criteria, comprising five randomized controlled trials and four quasi-experimental studies. The study included individuals aged 18 to 60 years. The types of cold application used in the studies varied, with five studies utilizing cold spray and four employing cold/ice application.  \nCONCLUSION: The review concluded that cold application is an effective nursing intervention for reducing pain in adult patients receiving intramuscular injections. The evidence from this systematic review indicates that cold application is effective in reducing pain associated with intramuscular injections. It is recommended that further high-quality, large-scale studies be conducted to validate the effectiveness of cold application in pain reduction for intramuscular injections.  \nKeywords: Cold application, injection, intramuscular, pain, patient  \nIntroduction  \nIntramuscular (IM) injections are invasive and painful parenteral drug administration methods in which medications are delivered into the body through large muscle groups (Kant & Akpınar, 2017) . They are commonly used to administer antibiotics, vitamins, and painkillers (Bilgiç, 2021; Raddadi et al., 2017) . However, complications such as abscess formation, tissue damage, necrosis, nerve injury, contract","cbCailzw4wvdVlyF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailzw4wvdVlyF","pdf",260861,"English","# Abstract\n## Aim\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Introduction\n## Background on intramuscular injection pain\n## Nursing and nonpharmacological interventions\n## Mechanisms of cold application","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this systematic review?\",\"answer\":\"To systematically review evidence on whether cold application reduces localized pain in adult patients receiving intramuscular injections.\"},{\"question\":\"How many studies were included and what study designs were used?\",\"answer\":\"Nine studies met the inclusion criteria: five randomized controlled trials and four quasi-experimental studies.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cold application methods were used in the included studies?\",\"answer\":\"The review reports that five studies used cold spray, while four used cold/ice application.\"}]","The Impact of Cold Application on Pain Reduction in Adult Patients Receiving Intramuscular Injections - A Systematic Review | PDF",1790691726]