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It traces technological advances in breast microbiome research from culture approaches to high-throughput sequencing and spatial omics, and explains the gut–breast axis influence on estrogen metabolism, immune activity, and microbial metabolites. It also characterizes intratumoral microbiota composition and its context-dependent roles in invasion, immunosuppression, and tumor metabolic reprogramming.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-human-microbiome-reshapes-the-breast-cancer-immune-metabolic-hormonal-microenvironment-review/355602/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-human-microbiome-reshapes-the-breast-cancer-immune-metabolic-hormonal-microenvironment-review/355602.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sarah ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main focus of this review?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review focuses on how the human microbiome reshapes the breast cancer immune-metabolic-hormonal microenvironment and how microbial communities influence tumor development and treatment outcomes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the gut–breast axis affect breast cancer according to the text?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"It modulates breast cancer development through effects on estrogen metabolism, immune responses, and microbial metabolites.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What intratumoral microbiota roles are highlighted?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The text describes dual, context-dependent roles of intratumoral microbiota in promoting invasion, inducing immunosuppression, and driving metabolic reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},355602,1790451153,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},962085320529,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 15 April 2026  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1774211  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nRui Sun,  \nRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China  \nREVIEWED BY  \nSouad Kartti,  \nIndependent Researcher, Rabat, Morocco Mojtaba Zehtabi,  \nTabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nJie Ming  \n [mingjiewh@hust.edu.cn](mingjiewh@hust.edu.cn)[ ](mingjiewh@hust.edu.cn)Zhenghao Wu  \n[wu_zhenghao@126.com](wu_zhenghao@126.com)[ ](wu_zhenghao@126.com)Zimei Tang  \n [d202382108@hust.edu.cn](d202382108@hust.edu.cn)  \n†These authors have contributed equally to this work  \nRECEIVED 23 December 2025  \nREVISED 22 March 2026  \nACCEPTED 30 March 2026  \nPUBLISHED 15 April 2026  \nCITATION  \nWang Q, Zhang F, Xin Y, Yang R, Tang Z, Wu Z and Ming J (2026) The human microbiome reshapes the breast cancer immune-metabolic-hormonal microenvironment.  \nFront. Immunol. 17:1774211 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1774211  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Wang, Zhang, Xin, Yang, Tang, Wu and Ming. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the  \nCreative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nThe human microbiome reshapes the breast cancer immune-metabolic-hormonal microenvironment  \nQianheng Wang †, Furong Zhang †, Yue Xin, Rui Yang, Zimei Tang*, Zhenghao Wu* and Jie Ming*  \nDepartment of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China  \nBeyond established risk factors such as genetics and hormones, the human microbiome has emerged as a pivotal player in breast cancer pathogenesis. This review delineates the technological evolution in breast microbiome research, spanning traditional culture methods to high-throughput sequencing and cuttingedge spatial omics. We elucidate the role of the gut-breast axis in modulating breast cancer development through its influence on estrogen metabolism, immune responses, and microbial metabolites. Furthermore, we analyze the distinctive compositional features of the intratumoral microbiota and their dual, contextdependent roles in promoting invasion, inducing immunosuppression, and driving metabolic reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment. Novel microbiomebased therapeutic strategies, including targeted microbiota depletion, engineered microbial therapeutics, and dietary interventions, are summarized. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of microbiome research in refining breast cancer risk prediction, evaluating treatment responses, and advancing personalized prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes.  \nKEYWORDS  \nbreast cancer, gut-breast axis, immune regulation, microbiome, precision medicine, tumor microenvironment  \n1 Introduction: from sterile tissue to “microbe-host interactions”  \nBreast cancer (BC) persists as the principal cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, maintaining elevated incidence rates alongside substantial molecular and clinical heterogeneity (1) . This multifaceted complexity presents considerable challenges for accurate diagnosis, effective therapeutic intervention, and precise prognostic assessment (2) . While conventional etiological frameworks emphasize genetic predisposition, hormonal exposure, and lifestyle factors as primary determinants, these elements collectively fail to comprehensively elucidate the pathogenesis of all breast cancer subtypes  \n(3). The recent paradigm shift, catalyzed by advancements in high-throughput sequencing and multi-omics analytical platforms, has progressively unveiled the instrumental role of the human microbiome in oncogenesis across multiple ma","cbCaieLisC5Va3n6","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieLisC5Va3n6","pdf",9680518,11,"English","# Introduction: from sterile tissue to “microbe-host interactions”\n# Breast microbiome research and technological evolution\n## Gut–breast axis and tumor immune-metabolic regulation\n# Intratumoral microbiota features and context-dependent effects\n# Microbiome-based therapeutic strategies\n# Translational potential in risk prediction and personalized prevention","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of this review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on how the human microbiome reshapes the breast cancer immune-metabolic-hormonal microenvironment and how microbial communities influence tumor development and treatment outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the gut–breast axis affect breast cancer according to the text?\",\"answer\":\"It modulates breast cancer development through effects on estrogen metabolism, immune responses, and microbial metabolites.\"},{\"question\":\"What intratumoral microbiota roles are highlighted?\",\"answer\":\"The text describes dual, context-dependent roles of intratumoral microbiota in promoting invasion, inducing immunosuppression, and driving metabolic reprogramming within the tumor microenvironment.\"}]","The human microbiome reshapes the breast cancer immune-metabolic-hormonal microenvironment - Review | PDF",1790120096,28]