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It traces how law and policy recognized tribes as separate sovereigns while also reducing tribal status, attempting relocation or assimilation, and terminating indigenous nations. It then reviews voter suppression tactics, including literacy tests, redistricting and vote dilution, and discusses strategies to protect electoral participation despite later legal setbacks.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-history-of-indian-voting-rights-in-arizona-overcoming-decades-of-voter-suppression/605327/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-history-of-indian-voting-rights-in-arizona-overcoming-decades-of-voter-suppression/605327.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Patrick","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-16",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does Agnes Laughter’s experience illustrate in the article?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It illustrates how Arizona’s voter ID law can prevent Native voters from casting ballots, including when voters lack photo identification or required documents due to circumstances tied to their tribal history and living conditions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article describe earlier voter suppression in Arizona?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It describes the use of literacy tests to block participation for decades, followed by redistricting and vote dilution to reduce the effectiveness of Native votes.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What guidance does the article offer after the Shelby County decision?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It argues tribes should consider proactive measures to ensure tribal citizens can participate in elections, even after the Supreme Court invalidated the Section 5 coverage formula.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},605327,1792208953,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","THE HISTORY OF INDIAN VOTING RIGHTS IN ARIZONA: Overcoming Decades of Voter Suppression  \nPatty Ferguson-Bohnee*  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nIn 2006, Navajo elder Agnes Laughter attempted to vote as she had for over thirty years. Not only was she turned away from the polls, she was berated for not having identification (“ID”) as required by Arizona ’s new voter ID law. Ms. Laughter was discouraged and distraught. She did not have a photo ID nor did she have any documents to satisfy Arizona ’s new voter ID law. She attempted several times to obtain a state ID from the Arizona Department of Transportation, but she was denied because she was born in a hogan and lacked an Arizona birth certificate. While Arizona law allows voters to present two forms of nonphoto ID, Ms. Laughter also lacked documents to satisfy the alternative—she did not drive, she did not own a vehicle, her home lacked electricity, and since she lives on the Navajo Reservation, she did not owe property taxes. Arizona’s new ID law did not make exceptions for voters like Ms. Laughter.  \nMs. Laughter’s experience is just one example of the voter obstacles faced by Native American 1 voters in Arizona. Native Americans “have experienceda long history of disenfranchisement as a matter of law and of practice.”2 This  \n* Clinical Professor of Law at the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law; Director of the Indian Legal Clinic; Faculty Director of the Indian Legal Program; and Of-Counsel at Sacks Tierney P.A. Many thanks to Judith Dworkin at Sacks Tierney for introducing me to voting rights work for giving me the opportunity to work on important Indian voting cases in Arizona, to Marvin Cohen for his guidance and support on these issues, and to Nikki Borchardt Campbell for her research assistance. Some portions ofthis article reproduce topics addressed in casework and amicus briefs written by the author. See Brief for the Navajo Nation et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Respondents & Respondent-Intervenors, Shelby Cty. v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 2612 (2013) (No. 12-96), 2013 WL 432965; Brief for the Navajo Nation et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Appellees, Northwest Austin Municipal Utility Dist. No. 1 v. Holder, 557 U.S. 193 (2009) (No. 08-322), 2009 WL 1615360.  \n1. Native American, Indian, and American Indian are used interchangeably throughout this article.  \n2. Continuing Need for Section 203’s Provisions for Limited English Proficient Voters: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 309 (2006) (letter from Joe Garcia, Nat’l Cong. of Am. Indians) .  \n1100 ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL [Ariz. St. L.J.  \ncomes from a complicated and contradictory history of laws and policy that has recognized tribes as separate sovereigns, reduced tribal status to that of domestic dependent nations, sought to remove, relocate, or assimilate tribal citizens, terminated numerous indigenous nations, and has now moved to a policy of tribal self-government. Unfortunately, the right to vote for Arizona’s first people has only recently been achieved, and there are continuing threats to the electoral franchise. In my work as a voting rights attorney, I have viewed firsthand the threats to Native American voting rights and the need for vigilant protection of the right to vote.  \nVoter suppression has been used to discourage or prevent Indian people from voting in Arizona. Voter qualifications such as literacy tests were used to prevent Indians from participating in elections for approximately fifty years.3 Once Native Americans started voting, redistricting and vote dilution were used to reduce the effectiveness of the Native vote.4  \nThis article will review the history of Indian voting rights in Arizona. I begin by reviewing the history of Native American voting rights and the history of voting discrimination against Native Americans in Arizona. The Voting Rights Act turned the corner for Native people to participate in the state and federal election processes. I will then discuss the current ","cbCaiv6Y4qyUPU0H","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiv6Y4qyUPU0H","pdf",658772,46,"English","# Introduction\n## History\n### Native Americans as Citizens\n### Obstacles to the Ballot Box","[{\"question\":\"What problem does Agnes Laughter’s experience illustrate in the article?\",\"answer\":\"It illustrates how Arizona’s voter ID law can prevent Native voters from casting ballots, including when voters lack photo identification or required documents due to circumstances tied to their tribal history and living conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article describe earlier voter suppression in Arizona?\",\"answer\":\"It describes the use of literacy tests to block participation for decades, followed by redistricting and vote dilution to reduce the effectiveness of Native votes.\"},{\"question\":\"What guidance does the article offer after the Shelby County decision?\",\"answer\":\"It argues tribes should consider proactive measures to ensure tribal citizens can participate in elections, even after the Supreme Court invalidated the Section 5 coverage formula.\"}]","THE HISTORY OF INDIAN VOTING RIGHTS IN ARIZONA - Overcoming Decades of Voter Suppression | PDF",1792131907,116]