[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-589964-105":59,"doc-detail-589964-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-hidden-costs-of-teacher-turnover","The Hidden Costs of Teacher Turnover","","Teacher turnover creates both visible financial burdens and less apparent organizational effects on teaching staff composition and quality. This study examines how schools respond to sustained high turnover and the resulting organizational and human-capital impacts. Using two decades of North Carolina administrative data on middle school math and English language arts teachers, the analysis identifies responses across policy settings and economic conditions. Results show turnover causes marked, lasting declines in instructional quality and student achievement, supporting stronger policy focus on retention.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-hidden-costs-of-teacher-turnover/589964/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-hidden-costs-of-teacher-turnover/589964.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cart","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the article mean by “teacher turnover”?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It refers to changes in the number of teachers from one year to the next within a specific school setting.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What are the “hidden costs” studied in the article?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The hidden costs are effects on instructional quality, measured through teacher qualifications and class size.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does the study assess the impact of turnover on students?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It links school responses to teacher turnover with outcomes, concluding that turnover leads to lasting negative consequences for instructional staff quality and student achievement.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},589964,1792165255,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26,"preview_page_count":4},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","AERA Open  \nJanuary-March 2020, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1–24 DOI: 10. 1177/2332858420905812  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2020. [http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](http://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nThe Hidden Costs of Teacher Turnover  \nLucy C. Sorensen   \nUniversity at Albany, State University of New York  \nHelen F. Ladd  \nDuke University  \nHigh teacher turnover imposes numerous burdens on the schools and districts from which teachers depart. Some of these burdens are explicit and take the form of recruiting, hiring, and training costs. Others are more hidden and take the form of changes to the composition and quality of the teaching staff. This study focuses on the latter. We ask how schools respond to spells of high teacher turnover and assess organizational and human capital effects. Our analysis uses two decades of administrative data on math and English language arts middle school teachers in North Carolina to determine school responses to turnover across different policy environments and macroeconomic climates. Based on models controlling for school contexts and trends, we find that turnover has marked, and lasting, negative consequences for the quality of the instructional staff and student achievement. Our results highlight the need for heightened policy attention to schoolspecific issues of teacher retention.  \nKeywords: teacher turnover, teacher attrition, teacher effectiveness, middle school  \nIntroduction  \nMuch has been written about the high rates of teacher turnover in K–12 schools (Carver-Thomas & Darling-Hammond, 2017) .“Turnover”refers to the change in the number of teachers from one year to the next in a particular school setting. Although some turnover of staff is natural and desirable, and occurs in all occupations, high rates of turnover are often of particular concern in the field of K–12 education. High turnover can contribute, for example, to teacher shortages if it reflects the departure of teachers from the profession or from schools in specific locations or subject areas as teachers move among schools or districts. Moreover, a high turnover rate of teachers in a particular school may reduce the quality of education the school can offer, with resulting adverse impacts on outcomes for the school’s students. Student outcomes will be adversely affected, for example, if turnover leads to a mix of teachers with weaker average qualifications, a set of teachers with limited experience working together toward the school’s educational mission, or if the school is unable to replace all the teachers who leave (Ingersoll, 2001). Finally, teacher turnover inevitably imposes financial human resource costs on schools or local school districts because of the need to hire replacement teachers.  \nIn this article, we focus on what we refer to as the hidden costs of teacher turnover, namely its effects on the quality of  \ninstruction, as measured by the qualifications ofthe pool of teachers and class size. In particular, we are interested in how schools respond to the loss of teachers, especially teachers of core subjects. Such responses are potentially relevant not only for student outcomes and the smooth operation of the school in the immediate period (including for student achievement, about which we provide some information atthe end of the article) but also potentially for subsequent periods if the replacement teachers are themselves likely to depart at higher rates. Abetter understanding of how schools respond to sustained periods of teacher turnover is directly relevant for policy.  \nWe use school-level data from North Carolina on math and English language arts (ELA) teachers at the middle school level to provide new empirical evidence on how individual schools respond to teacher turnover, both on average and across school contexts. A school may respond to the loss of teachers in a particula","cbCaiee76QUhVz20","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiee76QUhVz20","pdf",1110847,24,"English","# Introduction\n## Turnover definitions and concerns\n## Hidden costs: impacts on instructional quality\n## Study design and school-level responses","[{\"question\":\"What does the article mean by “teacher turnover”?\",\"answer\":\"It refers to changes in the number of teachers from one year to the next within a specific school setting.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the “hidden costs” studied in the article?\",\"answer\":\"The hidden costs are effects on instructional quality, measured through teacher qualifications and class size.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study assess the impact of turnover on students?\",\"answer\":\"It links school responses to teacher turnover with outcomes, concluding that turnover leads to lasting negative consequences for instructional staff quality and student achievement.\"}]","The Hidden Costs of Teacher Turnover | PDF",1792068495]