[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-449948-105":59,"doc-detail-449948-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-heredity-versus-environment-debate","The Heredity Versus Environment Debate","","The passage examines the century-long debate over whether intelligence and school achievement are determined mainly by heredity or by environment. It summarizes environmentalist research emphasizing schooling access, compensatory programs, and concerns that IQ tests are culturally biased. It contrasts this with hereditarian arguments revived in the 1970s and 1980s, citing figures such as Jensen and twin-study research. It also presents a synthesizers’ perspective proposing that both heredity and environment contribute through proportions and interaction 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Học","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-17","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What main idea does the passage present about the heredity vs. environment debate?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The passage discusses whether intelligence is primarily determined by heredity or by environment, presenting arguments for each side and a middle “synthesizers” position.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why do environmentalists criticize IQ tests, according to the passage?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Environmentalists argue that IQ tests can be culturally biased and that environmental factors are difficult to measure or separate from heredity.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the synthesizers’ view claim about intelligence?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The synthesizers’ view holds that both heredity and environment contribute to differences in measured intelligence, including an interaction between the two.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},449948,1791104006,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1374402739827,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000c97e7351f1a627?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1787885694763230660","“The Heredity Versus Environment Debate”  \nP1  \nThe past century has seen heated controversy about whether intelligence,which relates strongly to school achievement,is determined primarily by hered-ity or by environment.A When IQ tests were undergoing rapid developmentearly in the twentieth century,many psychologists believed that intelligencewas determined primarily by heredity.B  \nP2→Environmentalist view.By the middle of the twentieth century,numerousstudies had counteracted the hereditarian view,and most social scientiststook the position that environment is as important as or even more importantthan heredity in determining intelligence.C Social scientists who stress theenvironmentalist view of intelligence generally emphasize the need for con-tinual compensatory programs beginning in infancy.Many also criticize theuse of IQ tests on the grounds that these tests are culturally biased.D  \nP3James Flynn,who collected similar data on other countries,found that“massive”gains in the IQ scores of the population in fourteen nations haveoccurred during the twentieth century.These improvements,according toFlynn's analysis,largely stemmed not from genetic improvement in the popu-lation but from environmental changes that led to gains in the kinds of skillsassessed by IQ tests.Torsten Husen and his colleagues also have concluded,after reviewing large amounts of data,that improvements in economic andsocial conditions,and particularly in the availability of schooling,can producesubstantial gains in average IQ from one generation to the next.In general,educators committed to improving the performance of low-achieving studentsfind these studies encouraging.  \nP4→Hereditarian view.The hereditarian view of intelligence underwent amajor revival in the 1970s and 1980s,based particularly on the writings ofArthur Jensen,Richard Herrnstein,and a group of researchers conducting theMinnesota Study of Twins.Summarizing previous research as well as their ownstudies,these researchers identified heredity as the major factor in determin-ing intelligence-accounting for up to 80 percent of the variation in IQ scores.  \nP5  \nJensen published a highly controversial study in the Harvard EducationalReview in 1969.Pointing out that African-Americans averaged about 15 pointsbelow whites on IQ tests,Jensen attributed this gap to a genetic differencebetween the two races in learning abilities and patterns.Critics countered Jen-sen's arguments by contending that a host of environmental factors that affect  \nIQ,including malnutrition and prenatal care are difficult to measure and impos-sible to separate from hereditary factors.IQ tests are biased,they said,and donot necessarily even measure intelligence.After his 1969 article,Jensen hascontinued to cite data that he believed link intelligence primarily to heredity.His critics continue to respond with evidence that environmental factors,andschooling in particular,have a major influence on IQ.  \nP6→Synthesizers'view.Certain social scientists have taken a middle,or\"syn-thesizing,\"position in this controversy.The synthesizers'view of intelligenceholds that both heredity and environment contribute to differences in mea-sured intelligence.For example,Christopher Jencks,after reviewing a largeamount of data,concluded that heredity is responsible for 45 percent of theIQ variance,environment accounts for 35 percent,and interaction between thetwo(“interaction”meaning that particular abilities thrive or wither in specificenvironments)accounts for 20 percent.Robert Nichols reviewed all these andother data and concluded that the true value for heredity may be anywherebetween 0.40 and 0.80 but that the exact value has little importance for policy.In general,Nichols and other synthesizers maintain that heredity determinesthe fixed limits of a range;within those limits,the interaction between environ-ment and heredity yields the individual's intelligence.In this view,even if inter-actions between heredity and environment limit o","cbCaikvOjLPJHnoj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikvOjLPJHnoj","pdf",686520,"English","# The Heredity Versus Environment Debate\n## Environmentalist view of intelligence\n## Hereditarian view revival\n## Synthesizers' view","[{\"question\":\"What main idea does the passage present about the heredity vs. environment debate?\",\"answer\":\"The passage discusses whether intelligence is primarily determined by heredity or by environment, presenting arguments for each side and a middle “synthesizers” position.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do environmentalists criticize IQ tests, according to the passage?\",\"answer\":\"Environmentalists argue that IQ tests can be culturally biased and that environmental factors are difficult to measure or separate from heredity.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the synthesizers’ view claim about intelligence?\",\"answer\":\"The synthesizers’ view holds that both heredity and environment contribute to differences in measured intelligence, including an interaction between the two.\"}]","The Heredity Versus Environment Debate | PDF",1790731610,15]