[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40893-en":3,"doc-seo-40893-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40893,962075114101,"Seraphina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165",8,"Research & Report","The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia","The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia examines the Persian policy toward the Greeks and how Greek accounts explain and interpret those events. The work adopts a scholarly, analytical approach rather than a narrative, building on later Persian and Achaemenid scholarship while moving beyond a Hellenocentric view of the Persian world. It presumes readers have substantial background knowledge for the period and organizes discussion into major phases of conflict and resolution, supported by appendices on military, political, and textual issues.","THE  \nGREEKWARSTHE FAILURE OF PERSIAGeorge Cawkwell  \n# THE GREEK WARS\n\nThis page intentionally left blank  \n# The Greek WarsThe Failure of Persia\n\nGEORGE CAWKWELL  \nOXFORD  \nUNIVERSITY PRESS  \nGreat Clarendon Street,Oxford ox26DP  \nOxford University Pressis a department ofthe University of Oxford.It furthers the University's objective ofexcellence in research,scholarship,andeducation bypublishing worldwide in  \nOxford New York  \nAuckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong KarachiKuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City NairobiNew Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto  \nWith offices in  \nArgentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France GreeceGuatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal SingaporeSouth Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam  \nPublished in the United Statesby Oxford University Press Inc.,New York  \n◎George Cawkwell 2005  \nThe moral rights ofthe author have been assertedDatabase right Oxford University Press(maker)  \nFirst published 2005  \nAll rights reserved.Nopart ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any formorby any means,without the priorpermisionin writing of Oxford University Press,or as expressly permittedbylaw,or under terms agreed with the appropriatereprographics rights organization.Enquiries concerning reproductionoutside the scope ofthe above should be sent to the Rights Department,Oxford University Press,at the address above  \nYou must not circulate this bookin any other binding or coverand you must impose this same condition on any acquirer  \nBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data  \nData available  \nLibrary ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data  \nCawkwell,George.  \nThe Greek wars:the failure of Persia/George Cawkwell.p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.  \nI.Iran—Relations—Greece—Historiography  \n2.Greece—Relations—Iran—Historiography.  \n3.Historiography—Greece—History—To 1500.I.Title.DS274-2.G74C282005327.38035-dc222004027973ISBNo-I₉-81487I-2(alk.paper)  \n13579108642  \nTypeset by Regent Typesetting,LondonPrinted in Great Britain on acid-free paperbyBiddles Ltd.,King's Lynn,Norfolk  \n# PREFACE\n\nTHE viewpoint of this book is no longer novel,and the concerns ofscholars are different from what they were over four decades ago whenI began to lecture on Xenophon and on the Persian Wars.One mustsalute aboveall Pierre Briant,butalsoAmélie KuhrtandthelateHeleenSancisi-Weerdenburg,to whom all students are much beholden notonly for their own wide-ranging and learned writings but also for theirstimulation of the study of the Achaemenids and their world.Theyhave certainly encouraged us all to rid ourselves of a Hellenocentricview of the Persian world.This viewpoint I would modestly claim tohave shared,and this book is the fruit ofmanyyears ofreflection on theGreek accounts of Persia and Persian policy towards the Greeks.  \nThe book presumes in the reader a fairly ample knowledge of theperiod under review.It seeks to discuss,not to narrate.It is not meanttobe what people call‘a goodread’,though matters more complicatedor more peripheral have been consigned to Appendices.The list ofworks referred to in the notes is not,of course,a full bibliography,which would be vast.There has seemed no point in listing in print allthe books and articles in my(old-fashioned)card index.  \nI am very grateful to various members of the Classics Office whouncomplainingly turned my manuscript into the legibility of the word-processor and,above all,to Rachel Chapman,to whom Iowe especialthanks and for whom I,like all who deal with her,have the highestregard.I acknowledge too my debt tomy wife,who has kept me frombestial oblivion'.  \nG.L.C.  \n25 October 2003  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nCONTENTS  \nviii  \nAbbreviations  \nI.Introduction  \nI  \n2.The Subjection of the Greeks of Asia  \n30  \n46  \n3.'The lands beyond the sea'  \n4.The Ionian Revolt61  \n5.The Conquest of Greece  \n87  \n6.The War in the East Aegean  \nI26  \n7.Peace with Athens,449-4I2 BC  \nI39 ","cbCaiqrafBQTmZPg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqrafBQTmZPg","pdf",19060995,2,1,325,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n# Introduction\n# The Subjection of the Greeks of Asia\n# The Ionian Revolt\n# The Conquest of Greece\n# The War in the East Aegean\n# Appendices","[{\"question\":\"What is the main scholarly focus of the book?\",\"answer\":\"The book focuses on how Greek sources describe Persia and Persian policy toward the Greeks, explaining the development and failure of Persian aims.\"},{\"question\":\"What approach does the author say the book uses?\",\"answer\":\"It aims to discuss rather than narrate, emphasizing analysis over storytelling and relegating more complex or peripheral matters to appendices.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the author position this work within recent scholarship?\",\"answer\":\"The author credits modern scholars for encouraging a move away from a Hellenocentric view of the Persian world, and presents the book as the result of long reflection.\"}]",1783316363,819,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-greek-wars-the-failure-of-persia","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-greek-wars-the-failure-of-persia/40893/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-13","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What 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