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It discusses competing views associated with materialism and idealism, showing how modern physics and quantum theory—highlighted by Max Planck—reopen debates about the nature of matter and the observer-independent status of sensory experience. The text frames these issues through historical development from Greek philosophy to contemporary atomic controversy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-great-books-foundation-volume-12-issue-1/323276/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-great-books-foundation-volume-12-issue-1/323276.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Emma Wilson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What central philosophical problem does the text raise about scientific understanding?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It asks how manifold diversity of material phenomena can be reduced to simple principles that make them intelligible.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the text connect Planck’s discoveries to older philosophical debates?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It states that modern atomic physics and quantum theory have revived the controversy between materialism and idealism in a specific way.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the text suggest about the nature of the atom in classical versus modern views?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It contrasts atomism as ultimate, geometric units with the quantum-era suspicion that even the atom’s existence may follow from deeper natural laws.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},323276,1790739547,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},3848291630094,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","满ARYGROVE COLLEGE LIBRA共)DETROIT,MICHIGAN◎_FASE DO NOT REMOVTThis is Volume 12,issue 1 of THEpublished by The Great Books Foundation\"I am that gadfy which God has attached to the state,and all daylong and in all places am always fastening upon you,arousing andpersuading and reproaching you...”Socrates'Apology  \nFrom Plato to Max Planck  \nWerner Heisenberg explores a classical cosmological controversyfor a view of problems of atomic physics  \ntion that troubled the Greek philoso-phers:How can the manifold diversityof material phenomena be reduced tosimple principles and thus rendered in-telligible?The other has to do with theepistemological question which hascropped up with particular insistencesince Kant's time:the question of theextent to which it is possible to objec-tify scientific or any sensory experi-ences—the extent,in other words,towhich one can go from observed phe-nomena to an objective conclusion in-dependent of the observer.  \nthought which were to have a profoundinfluence on the subsequent evolutionof philosophy.They have been giventhe names of materialism and idealism.  \nurrounded as we are by hundredsof projects aimed at putting thediscoveries of atomic physics to fruitfuleconomic use,all too easily we forgetthat we are simultaneously strugglingwith questions which men have beenasking themselves for a long,long time.The present-day preoccupations of thehuman spirit are,in fact,closely relatedto intellectual efforts first undertakenby men thousands of years ago.Theselinks with the past are doubtless moreinteresting to the historian than to thephysicist,but even the physicist cangain valuable insights into his owncurrent problems by considering cer-tain of the fundamental patterns thatthe history of the atom reveals.  \nS  \nThe atomic theory propounded byLeucippus and Democritus regardedthe smallest particles of matter as exist-ing in the most literal sense.Thesetiniest particles were thought to be in-divisible and unchangeable;they wereeternal,ultimate units,and as such theywere called atoms,and could neitherprovide nor require further explana-tion.The only properties that fittedthem were geometric.They werethought by the philosophers to possessform,to be separate from each other inempty space,and by virtue of their dif-ferent spatial positions and movementsto be capable of bringing about themanifold variety of phenomena.But  \nLet us consider the first of thesequestions.When the Greek philosoph-ers came to examine the unity of ob-servable phenomena,they encounteredthe problem of the smallest units ofmatter.Two opposing points of viewemerged from this period of human  \nModern physics,and particularly thequantum theory—the discovery of MaxPlanck,the centennial of whose birthwas celebrated last year—has raised aseries of very general questions,dealingnot only with the narrow problems ofphysics as such but also with the natureof matter and with the method of theexact sciences.These questions haveforced physicists to wrestle once morewith philosophical problems whichseemed already to have found a defini-tive answer within the framework ofclassical physics.  \nTwo questions,in particular,havebeen reopened by Planck's discoveries.The first concerns the nature of matter,or,to put it more precisely,the old ques-  \nVan Gogh:  \nFrom L'Homme et PAtome,copyright1958,Les Editions de la Baconnière,Neuchatel,publishers of the texts of theRencontres Internationales de Geneve.  \nThe Starry Night  \nCollection Museum of  \nModern Art,N.Y.  \nthey did not have color,smell,or taste,nor did they have a temperature or anyother physical properties.The qualitiesof the things we apprehend in life wereindirectly governed by the different re-arrangements and movements of theatoms.Just as tragedy or comedy canbe written with the same letters of thealphabet,so,according to Democritus'theory,can very different happeningsin the world be produced by the sameatoms.Atoms were therefore the true,objectively real kernels of matter,andthus of phenomena.Th","cbCailknVOMwmVeV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailknVOMwmVeV","pdf",763729,"English","# From Plato to Max Planck\n## Werner Heisenberg explores a classical cosmological controversy\n## Two questions reopened by Planck's discoveries","[{\"question\":\"What central philosophical problem does the text raise about scientific understanding?\",\"answer\":\"It asks how manifold diversity of material phenomena can be reduced to simple principles that make them intelligible.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the text connect Planck’s discoveries to older philosophical debates?\",\"answer\":\"It states that modern atomic physics and quantum theory have revived the controversy between materialism and idealism in a specific way.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the text suggest about the nature of the atom in classical versus modern views?\",\"answer\":\"It contrasts atomism as ultimate, geometric units with the quantum-era suspicion that even the atom’s existence may follow from deeper natural laws.\"}]","THE Great Books Foundation - Volume 12 - Issue 1 | PDF",1789964808]