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It highlights unmet clinical needs in early diagnosis and therapy for advanced disease, linking changes such as complex N-glycan branching, sialylation and fucosylation shifts, PSA glycosylation alterations, and truncated O-glycan expression to cancer hallmarks. Emphasis is placed on recent decade advances including N-glycan imaging mass spectrometry profiling and therapeutic target exploration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-glycobiology-of-prostate-cancer-an-update/351883/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-glycobiology-of-prostate-cancer-an-update/351883.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Kurz","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-27","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is glycobiology relevant to prostate cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Glycans help control core mechanisms in prostate cancer growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. Glycosylation errors and glycan changes are linked to the cancer hallmarks and support diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target development.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What glycan changes are commonly reported in prostate cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Common changes include increased branching of complex N-glycans, altered sialylation, increased fucosylation, altered PSA glycosylation, and expression of truncated O-glycans.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What recent methods and research areas does the review emphasize?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review emphasizes discoveries from the last decade, particularly N-glycan imaging mass spectrometry profiling of prostate cancer tissues, studies on aberrant glycosylation in tumor biology, and investigations of glycans, glycosyltransferase enzymes, and glycan binding proteins as therapeutic targets.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},351883,1790116353,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},2336478945635,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Oncogene [www.nature.com/onc](www.nature.com/onc)  \nREVIEW ARTICLE OPEN   \nThe glycobiology of prostate cancer: an update  \nKirsty David  \nHodgson 1,4, Margarita Orozco-Moreno 1,4, Ziqian Peng1,4, Libby Blencoe 1, Molly J. Sharp 1, Erin Smith1, Grace Grimsley2, J. Elliott1, Richard Beatson3, Richard R. Drake 2 and Jennifer Munkley 1 ✉  \n© The Author(s) 2026  \nProstate cancer is a common cancer in males and there is an urgent unmet clinical need to improve early diagnosis and identify new treatments for advanced disease. Despite huge progress in understanding changes to the genome and proteome in prostate cancer, there is a relative delay in revealing the full aspects of the prostate cancer glycome and glycoproteome. Glycobiology has been fundamental in recent discoveries in the medical field, including translational cancer research. Glycans functionally contribute to the cancer hallmarks and serve as important diagnostic biomarkers and targets for therapeutic intervention. Changes to glycans are common in prostate cancer and include increased branching of complex N-glycans, changes in sialylation, increased fucosylation, altered PSA glycosylation and the expression of truncated O-glycans. This review discusses the role of glycans in fundamental mechanisms controlling prostate cancer growth, metastasis and immune evasion. Emphasis is placed on discoveries made during the last decade, including new insights provided by N-glycan imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) profiling of prostate cancer tissues, new discoveries into the role of aberrant glycosylation in prostate tumour biology, as well as recent studies investigating glycans, glycosyltransferase enzymes and glycan binding proteins as therapeutic targets.  \nOncogene (2026) 45:2655–2670; [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-026-03858-x](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-026-03858-x)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nProstate cancer is a common cancer in males and globally causes more than 350,000 cancer-related deaths every year [1] . When patients are diagnosed with early-stage (organ-confined prostate cancer), the 5-year survival rate is 95%, but this is reduced to only 50% for men diagnosed with advanced-stage or metastatic disease [2] . Guidelines highlight the importance of detecting prostate cancer while it is still locally confined and potentially curable [2] . However, unfortunately, there is a significant and rising trend of advanced-stage diagnoses [3] . While androgens are required for normal prostate function, in prostate cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis is hijacked to promote the development and progression of prostate cancer [4] . Androgen blockade using drugs that prevent the production of androgensand/or block AR action is the cornerstone treatment for advanced prostate cancer and new AR-targeted therapies, including enzalutamide, abiraterone [5] and upfront combination therapies [6, 7] have improved patient outcomes. However, resistance to hormonal therapy, known as castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) [8], is almost inevitable and there is a critical need to develop new therapeutic options to eradicate tumours. An understanding of the molecular features associated with prostate cancer progression and resistance to therapy is crucial to identify new diagnostic biomarkers and targets for therapy.  \nGlycosylation is a vital biological process that is crucial for processes like cell recognition, protein folding, cell signalling and immunity, with errors in glycosylation linked to numerous diseases [9–12] . Glycans are carbohydrate molecules composed of monosaccharides (sugar units) linked together by chemical bonds.  \nAlongside nucleic acids, proteins and lipids, glycans are one of the four major macromolecules of life and play fundamental roles in a wide variety of biological processes [13, 14] . The glycome, which includes all glycans synthesised by cells, is potentially as important to our understanding of life as the genetic code. Historically, our knowledge of these m","cbCaicj2avpy9P0h","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicj2avpy9P0h","pdf",3830894,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Glycosylation in cancer and prostate cancer\n## Glycans as biomarkers and therapeutic targets","[{\"question\":\"Why is glycobiology relevant to prostate cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Glycans help control core mechanisms in prostate cancer growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. Glycosylation errors and glycan changes are linked to the cancer hallmarks and support diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target development.\"},{\"question\":\"What glycan changes are commonly reported in prostate cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Common changes include increased branching of complex N-glycans, altered sialylation, increased fucosylation, altered PSA glycosylation, and expression of truncated O-glycans.\"},{\"question\":\"What recent methods and research areas does the review emphasize?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes discoveries from the last decade, particularly N-glycan imaging mass spectrometry profiling of prostate cancer tissues, studies on aberrant glycosylation in tumor biology, and investigations of glycans, glycosyltransferase enzymes, and glycan binding proteins as therapeutic targets.\"}]","The glycobiology of prostate cancer: an update | PDF",1790096389]